Compounds for the treatment of addiction

ABSTRACT

Disclosed are novel compounds having the structure of Formula (I): 
                         
which are useful for treating mammals for dependence upon substances of addiction, for example addiction to a dopamine-producing agent such as cocaine, morphine, amphetamines, nicotine, and/or alcohol. Also disclosed are pharmaceutical compositions comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) and methods of using the compounds of Formula (I) in the treatment of addiction to a dopamine-producing agent.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/659,042, filed Mar. 16, 2015, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,610,299, which is acontinuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/966,029, filed Aug.13, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,000,015, which is a divisional of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 13/537,536, filed Jun. 29, 2012, now U.S.Pat. No. 8,558,001, issued Oct. 15, 2013 which claims the benefit under35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No.61/503,923, filed on Jul. 1, 2011, the entireties of which areincorporated herein by reference.

FIELD

The present disclosure relates to novel human mitochondrial aldehydedehydrogenase (ALDH-2) inhibitors and their use in treating mammals fortheir dependence upon drugs of addiction, such as an addiction todopamine-producing agents like cocaine, opiates, amphetamines, nicotine,and alcohol. The disclosure further relates to methods for the use ofsuch compounds, and to pharmaceutical compositions containing them.

BACKGROUND

Today, dependence upon drugs of addiction causes major health problemsworldwide. For example, alcohol abuse and alcohol dependency can causeliver, pancreatic and kidney disease, heart disease, including dilatedcardiomyopathy, polyneuropathy, internal bleeding, brain deterioration,alcohol poisoning, increased incidence of many types of cancer,insomnia, depression, anxiety, and even suicide. Heavy alcoholconsumption by a pregnant mother can also lead to fetal alcoholsyndrome, which is an incurable condition. Additionally, alcohol abuseand alcohol dependence are major contributing factors for head injuries,motor vehicle accidents, violence and assaults, and other neurologicaland other medical problems.

Addiction to nicotine is estimated by the National Institute on DrugAbuse to kill nearly 500,000 Americans every year. This total representsabout 1 in 6 of all deaths in the U.S. caused by any means, and is morethan the total of deaths caused by use of alcohol, cocaine, heroin,suicide, car accidents, fire and AIDS combined. Cigarette smoking is themost popular method of using nicotine, but there are also smokelesstobacco products such as snuff and chewing tobacco.

Nicotine addiction is linked to disease states such as leukemia,cataracts, and pneumonia; it is the cause of about one-third of allcancer deaths, the foremost of which is lung cancer. In addition tocancer, cigarette smoking also causes lung diseases, such as bronchitisand emphysema; it exacerbates asthma symptoms, and is the cause ofchronic obstructive pulmonary diseases in general. It is also well knownthat cigarette smoking increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases,including stroke, heart attack, vascular disease, aneurysm, and thelike.

Another major health problem is caused by cocaine abuse. Physicaleffects of cocaine use include constricted blood vessels, dilatedpupils, and increased temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure. Auser of cocaine can experience acute cardiovascular or cerebrovascularemergencies, such as a heart attack or stroke, potentially resulting insudden death. Other complications associated with cocaine use includedisturbances in heart rhythm, chest pain and respiratory failure,seizures, headaches, and gastrointestinal complications such asabdominal pain and nausea. Because cocaine has a tendency to decreaseappetite, many chronic users can become malnourished. Repeated use ofcocaine may lead to a state of increasing irritability, restlessness,and paranoia. This can result in a period of full-blown paranoidpsychosis, in which the user loses touch with reality and experiencesauditory hallucinations. Moreover, it is well known that the concurrentabuse of nicotine, cocaine and alcohol is common. It has been found thatthe combination of cocaine and alcohol exerts more cardiovasculartoxicity in humans than either drug alone.

Historically, treating chemical dependence largely involved attempts topersuade patients to discontinue use the substance voluntarily(behavioral therapy). However, cocaine, morphine, amphetamines,nicotine, and alcohol, and other types of dopamine-producing agents arehighly addictive substances, and dependence upon such drugs can beharder to break and is significantly more damaging than dependence onmost other addictive substances. In particular, alcohol, cocaine, andheroin dependence are typically chronic relapsing disorders.

There has been some moderate success in providing effective treatmentsfor tobacco addiction by the use of nicotine replacement therapy, suchas nicotine gum or the nicotine transdermal patch. Additionally,antidepressants and antihypertensive drugs have been tried, with modestsuccess. Attempts have also been made to treat tobacco addiction bypersuading patients to discontinue the use of tobacco voluntarily(behavioral therapy), but this method has not proved to be verysuccessful. Accordingly, it is clearly desirable to find a treatment fortobacco addiction that reduces or prevents the craving for nicotine thatdoes not involve nicotine replacement therapy or the use ofantidepressants and antihypertensive drugs.

Accordingly, there has been much interest in the scientific community inattempting to find substances that could be employed to amelioratedependency on addictive agents. Compounds that have previously beenemployed for the treatment of alcohol abuse include disulfiram(Antabuse™), cyanamide, naltrexone; and acamprosate.

Naltrexone, a classical opiate antagonist, appears to act by reducingalcohol craving in abstinent patients. The drug, however, is hepatotoxicand causes side-effects that often require medical intervention.Acamprosate, another approved drug, is thought to act by modulatingglutamatergic systems. It only has moderate efficacy and serious sideeffects that include diarrhea, allergic reactions, irregular heartbeats,and low or high blood pressure. Disulfiram, an aldehyde dehydrogenaseinhibitor, acts by interfering with the metabolic pathway of alcohol.Normally, alcohol is metabolized to acetaldehyde, which in turn iseliminated by oxidation to acetic acid by the enzyme aldehydedehydrogenase. Disulfiram inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase and therebyprevents oxidation of alcohol-generated acetaldehyde to acetic acid.Alcohol consumption during disulfiram treatment, however, leads to theaccumulation of acetaldehyde, inducing unpleasant side-effects. Becausedisulfiram does not reduce craving for alcohol, success with the drugdepends on a high level of patient motivation since patients who wish todrink can simply stop taking the drug. Additionally, it has beenrecently proposed that disulfiram can be used for the treatment ofcocaine dependency (for example, see Bonet et al., Journal of SubstanceAbuse Treatment, 26 (2004), 225-232).

Recently it has been shown that an isoflavone known as daidzein andstructurally related derivatives thereof are effective in suppressingethanol intake. Daidzein is the major active component obtained fromextracts of Radix puerariae, a traditional Chinese medication thatsuppresses ethanol intake in Syrian golden hamsters. See Keung, W. M.and Vallee, B. L. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 10008-10012 andKeung, W. M., Klyosov, A. A., and Vallee, B. L. (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad.Sci. USA 94, 1675-1679, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,624,910 and 6,121,010. U.S.Pat. Nos. 5,624,910 and 6,121,010 disclosed ether isoflavone derivativesof daidzein, which were shown to be effective in treating ethanoldependency.

Mechanistically, daidzein and its derivatives were shown to be potentand selective inhibitors of human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase(ALDH-2), which is an enzyme involved in the major enzymatic pathwayresponsible for ethanol metabolism in humans. It appears preferable thatdaidzein analogues inhibit ALDH-2 selectively relative to the monoamineoxidase (MAO) pathway because daidzein analogues that inhibit bothALDH-2 and MAO exhibited less antidipsotropic activity. Alternatively,WO 2008/014497 disclosed novel isoflavone derivatives that are selectiveALDH-2 inhibitors with little effect on the MAO pathway and, thus, areuseful for the treatment of alcohol dependency.

In view of the above-indicated discoveries, a demand has emerged foradditional classes of compounds that are safe and effective for thetreatment of alcohol dependency, but that are structurally distinct fromdisulfiram, cyanamide, naltrexone; acamprosate, daidzein, and analogsthereof. Ideally, such additional classes of compounds will also beuseful for the treatment of other addictive agents such as cocaine,heroin, and nicotine, and in particular, ameliorate the tendency ofabusers to relapse.

SUMMARY

Surprisingly, it has now been discovered that compounds of Formula (I)as described below, although structurally unrelated to known compoundsfor the treatment of addictive agents, are nonetheless effective for thetreatment of alcohol dependency as determined from the model studiesalso described herein. Further, the compounds of Formula (I) areeffective in the treatment of other addictive agents such as cocaine,heroin, and nicotine. In particular, the compounds of Formula (I)ameliorate the tendency of abusers to relapse. In certain aspects, thecompounds of Formula (I) inhibit ALDH-2 selectively relative to themonoamine oxidase (MAO) pathway.

Accordingly, in certain aspects, is provided compounds of Formula (I):

wherein:

-   -   R¹ is hydrogen, optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, —CH₂OH,        —CH₂OP(O)(OR²⁰)(OR²¹);    -   R² is hydrogen, optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl,        or halo;    -   each of R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹² and R¹³ is        independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, —OP(O)(OR²⁰)(OR²¹), —CH₂OH,        —CH₂OP(O)(OR²⁰)(OR²¹), optionally substituted alkyl, optionally        substituted alkylene, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally        substituted alkoxy, optionally substituted cycloalkyl,        optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl,        optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted        heteroaralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl,        aminocarbonyl, acyl, acylamino, —O—(C₁ to C₆-alkyl)-O—(C₁ to        C₆-alkyl), cyano, halo, —SO₂NR²⁴R²⁵; or —NR²⁴R²⁵;    -   R⁷ is hydrogen or optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl;    -   each of R²⁰ and R²¹ is independently Na⁺, Li⁺, K⁺, hydrogen,        C₁₋₆ alkyl; or R²⁰ and R²¹ can be combined to represent a single        divalent cation Zn²⁺, Ca²⁺, or Mg²⁺.    -   each of R²² and R²³ is independently optionally substituted        alkyl, optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally substituted        cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, or —NR²⁴R²⁵; and    -   each of R²⁴ and R²⁵ is independently chosen from hydrogen or        C₁₋₆ alkyl or when combined together with the nitrogen to which        they are attached form a heterocycle; or        a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, single stereoisomer,        mixture of stereoisomers, or tautomer thereof.        Provided is a compound of Formula (Ia):

wherein:

-   -   R¹ is hydrogen, optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, —CH₂OH,        —CH₂OP(O)(OR²⁰)(OR²¹), —C(O)R²², or —SO₂R²³;    -   R² is hydrogen, optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl,        or halo;    -   each of R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹² and R¹³ is        independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, —OP(O)(OR²⁰)(OR²¹), —CH₂OH,        —CH₂OP(O)(OR²⁰)(OR²¹), optionally substituted alkyl, optionally        substituted alkylene, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally        substituted alkoxy, optionally substituted cycloalkyl,        optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl,        optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted        heteroaralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl,        aminocarbonyl, acyl, acylamino, —O—(C₁ to C₆-alkyl)-O—(C₁ to        C₆-alkyl), cyano, halo, —SO₂NR²⁴R²⁵; or —NR²⁴R²⁵;    -   R⁷ is hydrogen or optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl;    -   each of R²⁰ and R²¹ is independently Na⁺, Li⁺, K⁺, hydrogen,        C₁₋₆ alkyl; or R²⁰ and R²¹ can be combined to represent a single        divalent cation Zn²⁺, Ca²⁺, or Mg²⁺.    -   each of R²² and R²³ is independently optionally substituted        alkyl, optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally substituted        cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, or —NR²⁴R²⁵; and    -   each of R²⁴ and R²⁵ is independently chosen from hydrogen or        C₁₋₆ alkyl or when combined together with the nitrogen to which        they are attached form a heterocycle; or    -   a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, single stereoisomer,        mixture of stereoisomers, or tautomer thereof.        Also provided is a compound of formula (Ib)

wherein:

-   -   R¹ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, —CH₂OR²², —CH₂OP(O)(OR²⁰)(OR²¹);    -   R² is hydrogen, cyano, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, or halo;    -   each of R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹² and R¹³ is        independently hydrogen, halo, C₁-C₆ alkyl, hydroxyl, or        —CH₂OR²²;    -   R⁷ is hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl;    -   each of R²⁰ and R²¹ is independently Na⁺, Li⁺, K⁺, hydrogen, or        C₁₋₆ alkyl;    -   each R²² is independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₆        cycloalkyl, phenyl or benzyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable        salt, single stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, or tautomer        thereof.

Also provided is a compound of formula II

wherein:

-   -   R¹ is hydrogen, —CH₂OH, —CH₂OP(O)(OR²⁰)(OR²¹), or optionally        substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl;    -   R² is hydrogen, halo, optionally substituted lower C₁₋₆ alkyl,        or optionally substituted cycloalkyl;    -   each of R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹² and R¹³ is        independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, —OP(O)(OR²⁰)(OR²¹), —CH₂OH,        —CH₂OP(O)(OR²⁰)(OR²¹), aminocarbonyl, acyl, acylamino, —O—(C₁ to        C₆-alkyl)-O—(C₁ to C₆-alkyl), cyano, halo, —SO₂NR²⁴R²⁵,        —NR²⁴R²⁵, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted        alkylene, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted        alkoxy, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally        substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally        substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, or        optionally substituted heterocyclyl;    -   R⁷ is hydrogen or optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl;    -   each of R²⁰ and R²¹ is independently Na⁺, Li⁺, K⁺, hydrogen,        C₁₋₆ alkyl; or R²⁰ and R²¹ can be combined to represent a single        divalent cation Zn²⁺, Ca²⁺, or Mg²⁺.    -   each of R²² and R²³ is independently optionally substituted        alkyl, optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally substituted        cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, or —NR²⁴R²⁵; and    -   each of R²⁴ and R²⁵ is independently chosen from hydrogen or        C₁₋₆ alkyl or when combined together with the nitrogen to which        they are attached form a heterocycle; or        a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, single stereoisomer,        mixture of stereoisomers, or tautomer thereof.        In certain aspects, the disclosure provides pharmaceutical        compositions comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a        compound of the disclosure (e.g. a compound of Formula (I) or a        pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, prodrug, stereoisomer,        solvate, or hydrate thereof and at least one pharmaceutically        acceptable carrier).

In certain aspects, is provided methods of using the compounds ofFormula (I) in the treatment of addiction to a dopamine-producing agent.The method comprises administering to a mammal in need thereof atherapeutically effective dose of a compound of Formula (I). Suchdiseases include, but are not limited to, the treatment of dependencyupon cocaine, opiates, amphetamines, nicotine, and alcohol.

Compounds of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ib) or (II) include, but are notlimited to:

-   2,6-dichloro-4-(2-methoxyethoxy)-N-(4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl)    benzyl)benzamide (1);-   2,6-dichloro-N-[4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-pyridin-4-yl)-benzyl]-benzamide    (2);-   2-chloro-3-fluoro-N-(4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide    (3);-   2-chloro-6-methyl-N-(4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide    (4);-   2,6-dimethyl-N-(4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide    (5);-   2,6-dichloro-N-[4-(6-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-pyridin-4-yl)-benzyl]-benzamide    (6);-   2-chloro-3,6-difluoro-N-(4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide    (7);-   2,6-dichloro-N-(3-methyl-4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide    (8);-   2,6-dichloro-N-(4-(1-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide    (9);-   2,6-difluoro-N-(4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide    (10);-   2-chloro-6-fluoro-N-(4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide    (11);-   2,6-dichloro-N-(2-fluoro-4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide    (12);-   2,6-dichloro-N-(4-(5-fluoro-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide    (13); and phosphoric acid    mono-(4-{4-[(2,6-dichloro-benzoylamino)-methyl]-phenyl}-2-oxo-2H-pyridin-1-ylmethyl)    ester (14); or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, single    stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, or tautomer thereof.

Additional embodiments are described herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Before the present compositions and methods are described, it is to beunderstood that the disclosure is not limited to the particularcompounds, compositions, methodologies, protocols, cell lines, assays,and reagents described, as these may vary. It is also to be understoodthat the terminology used herein is intended to describe particularembodiments, and is in no way intended to limit the scope as set forthin the appended claims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES

FIG. 1 shows significant reduction (p<0.05 versus vehicle) in alcoholself administration based on lever presses.

FIG. 2 is a graphical representation of cocaine cue replacement studydesign.

FIG. 3 shows significant inhibition of cocaine cue reinstatement in ratsorally administered a compound of the invention compared to vehicle.

FIG. 4 shows significant inhibition of cocaine cue reinstatement in ratsorally administered a compound of the invention compared to vehicle.

FIG. 5 shows significantly reduced nicotine self administration in ratsorally administered a compound of the invention compared to vehicle.

FIG. 6 shows significantly reduced nicotine self administration in ratsorally administered a compound of the invention compared to vehicle.

FIG. 7 shows significantly reduced nicotine self administration in ratschronically administered oral doses of a compound of the inventioncompared to vehicle.

DEFINITIONS AND GENERAL PARAMETERS

As used in the present specification, the following words and phrasesare generally intended to have the meanings as set forth below, exceptto the extent that the context in which they are used indicatesotherwise.

The term “alkyl” refers to a monoradical branched or unbranchedsaturated hydrocarbon chain having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms. This termis exemplified by groups such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl,n-butyl, iso-butyl, t-butyl, n-hexyl, n-decyl, tetradecyl, and the like.

The term “substituted alkyl” refers to:

-   -   1) an alkyl group as defined above, having 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5        substituents, (typically 1, 2, or 3 substituents) selected from        the group consisting of alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl,        cycloalkenyl, acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, amino, aminocarbonyl,        alkoxycarbonylamino, azido, cyano, halogen, hydroxy, keto,        thiocarbonyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, arylthio, heteroarylthio,        heterocyclylthio, thiol, alkylthio, aryl, aryloxy, heteroaryl,        aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonylamino, heteroaryloxy, heterocyclyl,        heterocyclyloxy, hydroxyamino, alkoxyamino, nitro, —SO-alkyl,        —SO-aryl, —SO-heteroaryl, —SO₂-alkyl, SO₂-aryl and —SO₂—        heteroaryl. Unless otherwise constrained by the definition, all        substituents may optionally be further substituted by 1, 2, or 3        substituents chosen from alkyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl,        aminocarbonyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, halogen, CF₃, amino, substituted        amino, cyano, and —S(O)_(n)R, where R is alkyl, aryl, or        heteroaryl and n is 0, 1 or 2; or    -   2) an alkyl group as defined above that is interrupted by 1-10        atoms (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 atoms) independently chosen from        oxygen, sulfur and NR^(a), where R^(a) is chosen from hydrogen,        alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl,        heteroaryl and heterocyclyl. All substituents may be optionally        further substituted by alkyl, alkoxy, halogen, CF₃, amino,        substituted amino, cyano, or —S(O)_(n)R, in which R is alkyl,        aryl, or heteroaryl and n is 0, 1 or 2; or    -   3) an alkyl group as defined above that has both 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5        substituents as defined above and is also interrupted by 1-10        atoms (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 atoms) as defined above.

The term “lower alkyl” refers to a monoradical branched or unbranchedsaturated hydrocarbon chain having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 carbon atoms.This term is exemplified by groups such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl,iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, t-butyl, n-hexyl, and the like.

The term “substituted lower alkyl” refers to lower alkyl as definedabove having 1 to 5 substituents (typically 1, 2, or 3 substituents), asdefined for substituted alkyl, or a lower alkyl group as defined abovethat is interrupted by 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 atoms as defined for substitutedalkyl, or a lower alkyl group as defined above that has both 1, 2, 3, 4or 5 substituents as defined above and is also interrupted by 1, 2, 3,4, or 5 atoms as defined above.

The term “alkylene” refers to a diradical of a branched or unbranchedsaturated hydrocarbon chain, typically having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms(e.g. 1-10 carbon atoms, or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms). This termis exemplified by groups such as methylene (—CH₂—), ethylene (—CH₂CH₂—),the propylene isomers (e.g., —CH₂CH₂CH₂— and —CH(CH₃)CH₂—), and thelike.

The term “lower alkylene” refers to a diradical of a branched orunbranched saturated hydrocarbon chain, typically having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,or 6 carbon atoms.

The term “substituted alkylene” refers to:

-   -   (1) an alkylene group as defined above having 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5        substituents (typically 1, 2, or 3 substituents) selected from        the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy,        cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, amino,        aminocarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylamino, azido, cyano, halogen,        hydroxy, keto, thiocarbonyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, arylthio,        heteroarylthio, heterocyclylthio, thiol, alkylthio, aryl,        aryloxy, heteroaryl, aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonylamino,        heteroaryloxy, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyloxy, hydroxyamino,        alkoxyamino, nitro, —SO-alkyl, —SO-aryl, —SO-heteroaryl,        —SO₂-alkyl, SO₂-aryl and —SO₂-heteroaryl. Unless otherwise        constrained by the definition, all substituents may optionally        be further substituted by 1, 2, or 3 substituents chosen from        alkyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, aminocarbonyl, hydroxy, alkoxy,        halogen, CF₃, amino, substituted amino, cyano, and —S(O)_(n)R,        where R is alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl and n is 0, 1 or 2; or    -   (2) an alkylene group as defined above that is interrupted by        1-10 groups (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 groups) independently chosen        from —O—, —S—, sulfonyl, —C(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)N—, and —NR^(a),        where R^(a) is chosen from hydrogen, optionally substituted        alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl and        heterocyclyl; or    -   (3) an alkylene group as defined above that has both 1, 2, 3, 4        or 5 substituents as defined above and is also interrupted by        1-10 groups as defined above. Examples of substituted alkylenes        are chloromethylene (—CH(Cl)—), aminoethylene (—CH(NH₂)CH₂—),        methylaminoethylene (—CH(NHMe)CH₂—), 2-carboxypropylene        isomers(—CH₂CH(CO₂H)CH₂—), ethoxyethyl (—CH₂CH₂O—CH₂CH₂—),        ethylmethylaminoethyl (—CH₂CH₂—N(CH₃)—CH₂CH₂—),        1-ethoxy-2-(2-ethoxy-ethoxy)ethane        (—CH₂CH₂O—CH₂CH₂—OCH₂CH₂—OCH₂CH₂—), and the like.

The term “aralkyl” refers to an aryl group covalently linked to analkylene group, where aryl and alkylene are defined herein. “Optionallysubstituted aralkyl” refers to an optionally substituted aryl groupcovalently linked to an optionally substituted alkylene group. Sucharalkyl groups are exemplified by benzyl, phenylethyl,3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propyl, and the like.

The term “aralkyloxy” refers to the group —O-aralkyl. “Optionallysubstituted aralkyloxy” refers to an optionally substituted aralkylgroup covalently linked to an optionally substituted alkylene group.Such aralkyl groups are exemplified by benzyloxy, phenylethyloxy, andthe like.

The term “alkoxy” refers to the group R—O—, where R is optionallysubstituted alkyl or optionally substituted cycloalkyl, or R is a group—Y—Z, in which Y is optionally substituted alkylene and Z is optionallysubstituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl; or optionallysubstituted cycloalkenyl, where alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl andcycloalkenyl are as defined herein. Typical alkoxy groups are alkyl-O—and include, by way of example, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, iso-propoxy,n-butoxy, tert-butoxy, sec-butoxy, n-pentoxy, n-hexyloxy,1,2-dimethylbutoxy, and the like.

The term “lower alkoxy” refers to the group R—O— in which R isoptionally substituted lower alkyl as defined above. This term isexemplified by groups such as methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, iso-propoxy,n-butoxy, iso-butoxy, t-butoxy, n-hexyloxy, and the like.

The term “alkylthio” refers to the group R—S—, where R is as defined foralkoxy.

The term “alkenyl” refers to a monoradical of a branched or unbranchedunsaturated hydrocarbon group typically having from 2 to 20 carbon atoms(more typically from 2 to 10 carbon atoms, e.g. 2 to 6 carbon atoms) andhaving from 1 to 6 carbon-carbon double bonds, e.g. 1, 2, or 3carbon-carbon double bonds. Typical alkenyl groups include ethenyl (orvinyl, i.e. —CH═CH₂), 1-propylene (or allyl, —CH₂CH═CH₂), isopropylene(—C(CH₃)═CH₂), bicyclo[2.2.1]heptene, and the like. In the event thatalkenyl is attached to nitrogen, the double bond cannot be alpha to thenitrogen.

The term “lower alkenyl” refers to alkenyl as defined above having from2 to 6 carbon atoms.

The term “substituted alkenyl” refers to an alkenyl group as definedabove having 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substituents (typically 1, 2, or 3substituents), selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl,alkynyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, acyl, acylamino, acyloxy,amino, aminocarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylamino, azido, cyano, halogen,hydroxy, keto, thiocarbonyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, arylthio,heteroarylthio, heterocyclylthio, thiol, alkylthio, aryl, aryloxy,heteroaryl, aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonylamino, heteroaryloxy,heterocyclyl, heterocyclooxy, hydroxyamino, alkoxyamino, nitro,—SO-alkyl, —SO-aryl, —SO-heteroaryl, —SO₂-alkyl, SO₂-aryl and—SO₂-heteroaryl. Unless otherwise constrained by the definition, allsubstituents may optionally be further substituted by 1, 2, or 3substituents chosen from alkyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, aminocarbonyl,hydroxy, alkoxy, halogen, CF₃, amino, substituted amino, cyano, and—S(O)_(n)R, where R is alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl and n is 0, 1 or 2.

The term “alkynyl” refers to a monoradical of an unsaturatedhydrocarbon, typically having from 2 to 20 carbon atoms (more typicallyfrom 2 to 10 carbon atoms, e.g. 2 to 6 carbon atoms) and having from 1to 6 carbon-carbon triple bonds e.g. 1, 2, or 3 carbon-carbon triplebonds. Typical alkynyl groups include ethynyl (—C≡CH), propargyl (orpropynyl, —C≡CCH₃), and the like. In the event that alkynyl is attachedto nitrogen, the triple bond cannot be alpha to the nitrogen.

The term “substituted alkynyl” refers to an alkynyl group as definedabove having 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substituents (typically 1, 2, or 3substituents), selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl,alkynyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, acyl, acylamino, acyloxy,amino, aminocarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylamino, azido, cyano, halogen,hydroxy, keto, thiocarbonyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, arylthio,heteroarylthio, heterocyclylthio, thiol, alkylthio, aryl, aryloxy,heteroaryl, aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonylamino, heteroaryloxy,heterocyclyl, heterocyclyloxy, hydroxyamino, alkoxyamino, nitro,—SO-alkyl, —SO-aryl, —SO-heteroaryl, —SO₂-alkyl, SO₂-aryl and—SO₂-heteroaryl. Unless otherwise constrained by the definition, allsubstituents may optionally be further substituted by 1, 2, or 3substituents chosen from alkyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, aminocarbonyl,hydroxy, alkoxy, halogen, CF₃, amino, substituted amino, cyano, and—S(O)_(n)R, where R is alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl and n is 0, 1 or 2.

The term “aminocarbonyl” refers to the group —C(O)NRR where each R isindependently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl,heterocyclyl or where both R groups are joined to form a heterocyclicgroup (e.g., morpholino). Unless otherwise constrained by thedefinition, all substituents may optionally be further substituted by 1,2, or 3 substituents chosen from alkyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl,aminocarbonyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, halogen, CF₃, amino, substituted amino,cyano, and —S(O)_(n)R, where R is alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl and n is 0,1 or 2.

The term “ester” or “carboxyester” refers to the group —C(O)OR, where Ris alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, which may beoptionally further substituted by alkyl, alkoxy, halogen, CF₃, amino,substituted amino, cyano, or —S(O)_(n)R^(a), in which R^(a) is alkyl,aryl, or heteroaryl and n is 0, 1 or 2.

The term “acylamino” refers to the group —NRC(O)R where each R isindependently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl. Allsubstituents may be optionally further substituted by alkyl, alkoxy,halogen, CF₃, amino, substituted amino, cyano, or —S(O)_(n)R, in which Ris alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl and n is 0, 1 or 2.

The term “acyloxy” refers to the groups —OC(O)-alkyl, —OC(O)-cycloalkyl,—OC(O)-aryl, —OC(O)-heteroaryl, and —OC(O)-heterocyclyl. Unlessotherwise constrained by the definition, all substituents may optionallybe further substituted by 1, 2, or 3 substituents chosen from alkyl,carboxy, carboxyalkyl, aminocarbonyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, halogen, CF₃,amino, substituted amino, cyano, and —S(O)_(n)R, where R is alkyl, aryl,or heteroaryl and n is 0, 1 or 2.

The term “aryl” refers to an aromatic carbocyclic group of 6 to 20carbon atoms having a single ring (e.g., phenyl) or multiple rings(e.g., biphenyl), or multiple condensed (fused) rings (e.g., naphthyl,fluorenyl, and anthryl). Typical aryls include phenyl, fluorenyl,naphthyl, anthryl, and the like.

Unless otherwise constrained by the definition for the aryl substituent,such aryl groups can optionally be substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5substituents (typically 1, 2, or 3 substituents), selected from thegroup consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl,cycloalkenyl, acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, amino, aminocarbonyl,alkoxycarbonylamino, azido, cyano, halogen, hydroxy, keto, thiocarbonyl,carboxy, carboxyalkyl, arylthio, heteroarylthio, heterocyclylthio,thiol, alkylthio, aryl, aryloxy, heteroaryl, aminosulfonyl,aminocarbonylamino, heteroaryloxy, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyloxy,hydroxyamino, alkoxyamino, nitro, —SO-alkyl, —SO-aryl, —SO-heteroaryl,—SO₂-alkyl, SO₂-aryl and —SO₂-heteroaryl. Unless otherwise constrainedby the definition, all substituents may optionally be furthersubstituted by 1, 2, or 3 substituents chosen from alkyl, carboxy,carboxyalkyl, aminocarbonyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, halogen, CF₃, amino,substituted amino, cyano, and —S(O)_(n)R, where R is alkyl, aryl, orheteroaryl and n is 0, 1 or 2.

The term “aryloxy” refers to the group aryl-O— wherein the aryl group isas defined above, and includes optionally substituted aryl groups asalso defined above. The term “arylthio” refers to the group R—S—, whereR is as defined for aryl.

The term “amino” refers to the group —NH₂.

The term “substituted amino” refers to the group —NRR where each R isindependently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl,cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl and heterocyclyl provided that both Rgroups are not hydrogen, or a group —Y—Z, in which Y is optionallysubstituted alkylene and Z is alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, or alkynyl. Unlessotherwise constrained by the definition, all substituents may optionallybe further substituted by 1, 2, or 3 substituents chosen from alkyl,carboxy, carboxyalkyl, aminocarbonyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, halogen, CF₃,amino, substituted amino, cyano, and —S(O)_(n)R, where R is alkyl, aryl,or heteroaryl and n is 0, 1 or 2.

The term “carboxyalkyl” refers to the groups —C(O)O-alkyl,—C(O)O-cycloalkyl, where alkyl and cycloalkyl are as defined herein, andmay be optionally further substituted by alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,alkoxy, halogen, CF₃, amino, substituted amino, cyano, or —S(O)_(n)R, inwhich R is alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl and n is 0, 1 or 2.

The term “cycloalkyl” refers to cyclic alkyl groups of from 3 to 20carbon atoms having a single cyclic ring or multiple condensed rings.Such cycloalkyl groups include, by way of example, single ringstructures such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclooctyl, andthe like, or multiple ring structures such as adamantanyl, andbicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, or cyclic alkyl groups to which is fused an arylgroup, for example indan, and the like.

The term “cycloalkenyl” refers to cyclic alkyl groups of from 3 to 20carbon atoms having a single cyclic ring or multiple condensed rings andhaving at least one double bond and preferably from 1 to 2 double bonds.

The terms “substituted cycloalkyl” and “substituted cycloalkenyl” referto cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl groups having 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substituents(typically 1, 2, or 3 substituents), selected from the group consistingof alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, acyl,acylamino, acyloxy, amino, aminocarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylamino, azido,cyano, halogen, hydroxy, keto, thiocarbonyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl,arylthio, heteroarylthio, heterocyclylthio, thiol, alkylthio, aryl,aryloxy, heteroaryl, aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonylamino, heteroaryloxy,heterocyclyl, heterocyclyloxy, hydroxyamino, alkoxyamino, nitro,—SO-alkyl, —SO-aryl, —SO-heteroaryl, —SO₂-alkyl, SO₂-aryl and—SO₂-heteroaryl. The term “substituted cycloalkyl” also includescycloalkyl groups wherein one or more of the annular carbon atoms of thecycloalkyl group is a carbonyl group (i.e. an oxygen atom is oxo to thering). Unless otherwise constrained by the definition, all substituentsmay optionally be further substituted by 1, 2, or 3 substituents chosenfrom alkyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, aminocarbonyl, hydroxy, alkoxy,halogen, CF₃, amino, substituted amino, cyano, and —S(O)_(n)R, where Ris alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl and n is 0, 1 or 2.

The term “halogen” or “halo” refers to fluoro, bromo, chloro, and iodo.

The term “acyl” denotes a group —C(O)R, in which R is hydrogen,optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl,optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, andoptionally substituted heteroaryl.

The term “alkoxycarbonylamino” refers to a group —NHC(O)OR in which R isoptionally substituted alkyl.

The term “alkyl amine” refers to R—NH₂ in which R is optionallysubstituted alkyl.

The term “dialkyl amine” refers to R—NHR in which each R isindependently an optionally substituted alkyl.

The term “trialkyl amine” refers to NR₃ in which R each R isindependently an optionally substituted alkyl.

The term “azido” refers to a group

The term “hydroxyl” or “hydroxyl” refers to a group —OH.

The term “arylthio” refers to the group —S-aryl.

The term “heterocyclylthio” refers to the group —S-heterocyclyl.

The term “alkylthio” refers to the group —S-alkyl.

The term “aminosulfonyl” refers to the group —SO₂NRR, wherein each R isindependently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl,cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl and heterocyclyl. Unless otherwiseconstrained by the definition, all substituents may optionally befurther substituted by 1, 2, or 3 substituents selected from the groupconsisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl,acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, amino, aminocarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylamino,azido, cyano, halogen, hydroxy, keto, thiocarbonyl, carboxy,carboxyalkyl, arylthio, heteroarylthio, heterocyclylthio, thiol,alkylthio, aryl, aryloxy, heteroaryl, aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonylamino,heteroaryloxy, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyloxy, hydroxyamino, alkoxyamino,nitro, —SO-alkyl, —SO-aryl, —SO-heteroaryl, —SO₂-alkyl, SO₂-aryl and—SO₂-heteroaryl.

The term “aminocarbonylamino” refers to the group —NR^(c)C(O)NRR,wherein R^(c) is hydrogen or alkyl and each R is independently selectedfrom the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl,heteroaryl and heterocyclyl. Unless otherwise constrained by thedefinition, all substituents may optionally be further substituted by 1,2, or 3 substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl,alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, acyl, acylamino,acyloxy, amino, aminocarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylamino, azido, cyano,halogen, hydroxy, keto, thiocarbonyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, arylthio,heteroarylthio, heterocyclylthio, thiol, alkylthio, aryl, aryloxy,heteroaryl, aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonylamino, heteroaryloxy,heterocyclyl, heterocyclooxy, hydroxyamino, alkoxyamino, nitro,—SO-alkyl, —SO-aryl, —SO-heteroaryl, —SO₂-alkyl, SO₂-aryl and—SO₂-heteroaryl.

The term “heterocyclooxy” refers to the group —O-heterocyclyl.

The term “alkoxyamino” refers to the group —NHOR in which R isoptionally substituted alkyl.

The term “hydroxyamino” refers to the group —NHOH.

The term “heteroaryl” refers to a group comprising single or multiplerings comprising 1 to 15 carbon atoms and 1 to 4 heteroatoms selectedfrom oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur within at least one ring. The term“heteroaryl” is generic to the terms “aromatic heteroaryl” and“partially saturated heteroaryl”. The term “aromatic heteroaryl” refersto a heteroaryl in which at least one ring is aromatic. Examples ofaromatic heteroaryls include pyrrole, thiophene, pyridine, quinoline,pteridine. The term “partially saturated heteroaryl” refers to aheteroaryl having a structure equivalent to an underlying aromaticheteroaryl which has had one or more double bonds in an aromatic ring ofthe underlying aromatic heteroaryl saturated. Examples of partiallysaturated heteroaryls include dihydropyrrole, dihydropyridine, chroman,and the like.

Unless otherwise constrained by the definition for the heteroarylsubstituent, such heteroaryl groups can be optionally substituted with 1to 5 substituents (typically 1, 2, or 3 substituents) selected from thegroup consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl,cycloalkenyl, acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, amino, aminocarbonyl,alkoxycarbonylamino, azido, cyano, halogen, hydroxy, keto, thiocarbonyl,carboxy, carboxyalkyl (an alkyl ester), arylthio, heteroaryl,heteroarylthio, heterocyclylthio, thiol, alkylthio, aryl, aryloxy,aralkyl, heteroaryl, aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonylamino, heteroaryloxy,heterocyclyl, heterocyclooxy, hydroxyamino, alkoxyamino, nitro,—SO-alkyl, —SO-aryl, —SO-heteroaryl, —SO₂-alkyl, SO₂-aryl and—SO₂-heteroaryl. Unless otherwise constrained by the definition, allsubstituents may optionally be further substituted by 1, 2, or 3substituents chosen from alkyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, aminocarbonyl,hydroxy, alkoxy, halogen, CF₃, amino, substituted amino, cyano, and—S(O)_(n)R, where R is alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl and n is 0, 1 or 2.Such heteroaryl groups can have a single ring (e.g., pyridyl or furyl)or multiple condensed rings (e.g., indolizinyl, benzothiazole, orbenzothienyl). Examples of nitrogen heterocyclyls and heteroarylsinclude, but are not limited to, pyrrole, imidazole, pyrazole, pyridine,pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, indolizine, isoindole, indole,indazole, purine, quinolizine, isoquinoline, quinoline, phthalazine,naphthylpyridine, quinoxaline, quinazoline, cinnoline, pteridine,carbazole, carboline, phenanthridine, acridine, phenanthroline,isothiazole, phenazine, isoxazole, phenoxazine, phenothiazine,imidazolidine, imidazoline, and the like as well as N-alkoxy-nitrogencontaining heteroaryl compounds.

The term “heteroaryloxy” refers to the group heteroaryl-O—.

The term “heterocyclyl,” “heterocycle,” or “heterocyclic” refers to amonoradical saturated group having a single ring or multiple condensedrings, having from 1 to 40 carbon atoms and from 1 to 10 hetero atoms,preferably 1 to 4 heteroatoms, selected from nitrogen, sulfur,phosphorus, and/or oxygen within the ring.

Unless otherwise constrained by the definition for the heterocyclicsubstituent, such heterocyclic groups can be optionally substituted with1 to 5 substituents (typically 1, 2, or 3 substituents), selected fromthe group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl,cycloalkenyl, acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, amino, aminocarbonyl,alkoxycarbonylamino, azido, cyano, halogen, hydroxy, keto, thiocarbonyl,carboxy, carboxyalkyl, arylthio, heteroarylthio, heterocyclylthio,thiol, alkylthio, aryl, aryloxy, heteroaryl, aminosulfonyl,aminocarbonylamino, heteroaryloxy, heterocyclyl, heterocyclooxy,hydroxyamino, alkoxyamino, nitro, —SO-alkyl, —SO-aryl, —SO-heteroaryl,—SO₂-alkyl, SO₂-aryl and —SO₂-heteroaryl. Unless otherwise constrainedby the definition, all substituents may optionally be furthersubstituted by 1, 2, or 3 substituents chosen from alkyl, carboxy,carboxyalkyl, aminocarbonyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, halogen, CF₃, amino,substituted amino, cyano, and —S(O)_(n)R, where R is alkyl, aryl, orheteroaryl and n is 0, 1 or 2. Preferred heterocyclics includetetrahydrofuranyl, morpholino, piperidinyl, and the like.

The term “thiol” refers to the group —SH.

The term “substituted alkylthio” refers to the group —S-substitutedalkyl.

The term “heteroarylthiol” refers to the group —S-heteroaryl wherein theheteroaryl group is as defined above including optionally substitutedheteroaryl groups as also defined above.

The term “sulfoxide” refers to a group —S(O)R, in which R is alkyl,aryl, or heteroaryl. “Substituted sulfoxide” refers to a group —S(O)R,in which R is substituted alkyl, substituted aryl, or substitutedheteroaryl, as defined herein.

The term “sulfone” refers to a group —S(O)₂R, in which R is alkyl, aryl,or heteroaryl. “Substituted sulfone” refers to a group —S(O)₂R, in whichR is substituted alkyl, substituted aryl, or substituted heteroaryl, asdefined herein.

The term “keto” or “oxo” refers to a group —C(O)—.

The term “thiocarbonyl” refers to a group —C(S)—.

The term “carboxy” refers to a group —C(O)—OH.

“Optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described eventor circumstance may or may not occur, and that the description includesinstances where said event or circumstance occurs and instances in whichit does not.

A “substituted” group includes embodiments in which a monoradicalsubstituent is bound to a single atom of the substituted group (e.g.forming a branch), and also includes embodiments in which thesubstituent may be a diradical bridging group bound to two adjacentatoms of the substituted group, thereby forming a fused ring on thesubstituted group.

Where a given group (moiety) is described herein as being attached to asecond group and the site of attachment is not explicit, the given groupmay be attached at any available site of the given group to anyavailable site of the second group. For example, a “loweralkyl-substituted phenyl”, where the attachment sites are not explicit,may have any available site of the lower alkyl group attached to anyavailable site of the phenyl group. In this regard, an “available site”is a site of the group at which a hydrogen of the group may be replacedwith a substituent.

A compound of a given Formula (e.g. the “compound of Formula (I)”) isintended to encompass the compounds of the disclosure, and thepharmaceutically acceptable salts, pharmaceutically acceptable esters,hydrates, polymorphs, and prodrugs of such compounds. Additionally, thecompounds of the disclosure may possess one or more asymmetric centers,and can be produced as a racemic mixture or as individual enantiomers ordiastereoisomers. The number of stereoisomers present in any givencompound of a given Formula depends upon the number of asymmetriccenters present (there are 2^(n) stereoisomers possible where n is thenumber of asymmetric centers). The individual stereoisomers may beobtained by resolving a racemic or non-racemic mixture of anintermediate at some appropriate stage of the synthesis, or byresolution of the compound by conventional means. The individualstereoisomers (including individual enantiomers and diastereoisomers) aswell as racemic and non-racemic mixtures of stereoisomers areencompassed within the scope of the present invention, all of which areintended to be depicted by the structures of this specification unlessotherwise specifically indicated.

“Isomers” are different compounds that have the same molecular formula.Isomers include stereoisomers, enantiomers, and diastereomers.

“Stereoisomers” are isomers that differ only in the way the atoms arearranged in space.

“Enantiomers” are a pair of stereoisomers that are non-superimposablemirror images of each other. A 1:1 mixture of a pair of enantiomers is a“racemic” mixture. The term “(+)” is used to designate a racemic mixturewhere appropriate.

“Diastereoisomers” are stereoisomers that have at least two asymmetricatoms, but which are not mirror-images of each other.

The absolute stereochemistry is specified according to the Cahn IngoldPrelog R S system. When the compound is a pure enantiomer thestereochemistry at each chiral carbon may be specified by either R or S.Resolved compounds whose absolute configuration is unknown aredesignated (+) or (−) depending on the direction (dextro- orlaevorotary) that they rotate the plane of polarized light at thewavelength of the sodium D line.

Some of the compounds exist as tautomeric isomers. Tautomeric isomersare in equilibrium with one another. For example, amide containingcompounds may exist in equilibrium with imidic acid tautomers.Regardless of which tautomer is shown, and regardless of the nature ofthe equilibrium among tautomers, the compounds are understood by one ofordinary skill in the art to comprise both amide and imidic acidtautomers. Thus, the amide containing compounds are understood toinclude their imidic acid tautomers. Likewise, the imidic acidcontaining compounds are understood to include their amide tautomers.Non-limiting examples of amide-comprising and imidic acid-comprisingtautomers are shown below:

The term “therapeutically effective amount” refers to an amount that issufficient to effect treatment, as defined below, when administered to amammal in need of such treatment. The therapeutically effective amountwill vary depending upon the subject and disease condition beingtreated, the weight and age of the subject, the severity of the diseasecondition, the manner of administration and the like, which can readilybe determined by one of ordinary skill in the art.

The term “polymorph” refers to different crystal structures of acrystalline compound. The different polymorphs may result fromdifferences in crystal packing (packing polymorphism) or differences inpacking between different conformers of the same molecule(conformational polymorphism).

The term “solvate” refers to a complex formed by the combining of acompound of Formula (I) and a solvent.

The term “hydrate” refers to the complex formed by the combining of acompound of Formula (I) and water.

The term “prodrug” refers to a compound of Formula (I) that includeschemical groups which, in vivo, can be converted and/or can be split offfrom the remainder of the molecule to provide for the active drug, apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a biologically activemetabolite thereof.

Any formula or structure given herein, including Formula (I) compounds,is also intended to represent unlabeled forms as well as isotopicallylabeled forms of the compounds. Isotopically labeled compounds havestructures depicted by the formulas given herein except that one or moreatoms are replaced by an atom having a selected atomic mass or massnumber. Examples of isotopes that can be incorporated into compounds ofthe invention include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen,phosphorous, fluorine, and chlorine, such as, but not limited to ²H(deuterium, D), ³H (tritium), ¹¹C, ¹³C, ¹⁴C, ¹⁵N, ¹⁸F, ³¹P, ³²P, ³⁵S,³⁶Cl, and ¹²⁵I. Various isotopically labeled compounds of the presentinvention, for example those into which radioactive isotopes such as ³H,¹³C, and ¹⁴C are incorporated. Such isotopically labelled compounds maybe useful in metabolic studies, reaction kinetic studies, detection orimaging techniques, such as positron emission tomography (PET) orsingle-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) including drug orsubstrate tissue distribution assays, or in radioactive treatment ofpatients.

Deuterium labelled or substituted therapeutic compounds of the inventionmay have improved DMPK (drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics)properties, relating to distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME).Substitution with heavier isotopes such as deuterium may afford certaintherapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, forexample increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements. An¹⁸F labeled compound may be useful for PET or SPECT studies.Isotopically labeled compounds of this invention and prodrugs thereofcan generally be prepared by carrying out the procedures disclosed inthe schemes or in the examples and preparations described below bysubstituting a readily available isotopically labeled reagent for anon-isotopically labeled reagent. Further, substitution with heavierisotopes, particularly deuterium (i.e., ²H or D) may afford certaintherapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, forexample increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements or animprovement in therapeutic index. It is understood that deuterium inthis context is regarded as a substituent in the compound of the Formula(I).

The concentration of such a heavier isotope, specifically deuterium, maybe defined by an isotopic enrichment factor. In the compounds of thisinvention any atom not specifically designated as a particular isotopeis meant to represent any stable isotope of that atom. Unless otherwisestated, when a position is designated specifically as “H” or “hydrogen”,the position is understood to have hydrogen at its natural abundanceisotopic composition. Accordingly, in the compounds of this inventionany atom specifically designated as a deuterium (D) is meant torepresent deuterium.

The term “treatment” or “treating” means any administration of acompound of the invention to a mammal having a disease or susceptible toa disease for purposes including:

-   -   (i) preventing the disease, that is, causing the clinical        symptoms of the disease not to develop;    -   (ii) inhibiting the disease, that is, arresting the development        of clinical symptoms; and/or    -   (iii) relieving the disease, i.e. causing the regression of        clinical symptoms.

In many cases, the compounds of this disclosure are capable of formingacid and/or base salts by virtue of the presence of amino and/orcarboxyl groups or groups similar thereto.

The term “dopamine producing agents” as used herein includes nicotine,alcohol, amphetamnines, other drugs of addiction and foods, especiallysugary foods. Thus diseases related to dopamine producing agents includeaddiction to alcohol, cocaine, marijuana, nicotine, food and sequelathereof e.g. obesity.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” of a given compound refersto salts that retain the biological effectiveness and properties of thegiven compound, and which are not biologically or otherwise undesirable.Pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts can be prepared frominorganic and organic bases. Salts derived from inorganic bases include,by way of example only, sodium, potassium, lithium, ammonium, calciumand magnesium salts. Salts derived from organic bases include, but arenot limited to, salts of primary, secondary and tertiary amines, such asalkyl amines, dialkyl amines, trialkyl amines, substituted alkyl amines,di(substituted alkyl) amines, tri(substituted alkyl) amines, alkenylamines, dialkenyl amines, trialkenyl amines, substituted alkenyl amines,di(substituted alkenyl) amines, tri(substituted alkenyl) amines,cycloalkyl amines, di(cycloalkyl) amines, tri(cycloalkyl) amines,substituted cycloalkyl amines, disubstituted cycloalkyl amine,trisubstituted cycloalkyl amines, cycloalkenyl amines, di(cycloalkenyl)amines, tri(cycloalkenyl) amines, substituted cycloalkenyl amines,disubstituted cycloalkenyl amine, trisubstituted cycloalkenyl amines,aryl amines, diaryl amines, triaryl amines, heteroaryl amines,diheteroaryl amines, triheteroaryl amines, heterocyclic amines,diheterocyclic amines, triheterocyclic amines, mixed di- and

tri-amines where at least two of the substituents on the amine aredifferent and are selected from the group consisting of alkyl,substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, cycloalkyl, substitutedcycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl,heterocyclic, and the like. Also included are amines where the two orthree substituents, together with the amino nitrogen, form aheterocyclic or heteroaryl group.

Specific examples of suitable amines include, by way of example only,isopropylamine, trimethyl amine, diethyl amine, tri(iso-propyl) amine,tri(n-propyl) amine, ethanolamine, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, tromethamine,lysine, arginine, histidine, caffeine, procaine, hydrabamine, choline,betaine, ethylenediamine, glucosamine, N-alkylglucamines, theobromine,purines, piperazine, piperidine, morpholine, N-ethylpiperidine, and thelike.

Pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts may be prepared frominorganic and organic acids. Salts derived from inorganic acids includehydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid,phosphoric acid, and the like. Salts derived from organic acids includeacetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid,malic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid,tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid,methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, p-toluene-sulfonic acid,salicylic acid, and the like.

As used herein, “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” or“pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” includes any and all solvents,dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents,isotonic and absorption delaying agents and the like. The use of suchmedia and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is well known inthe art. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent isincompatible with the active ingredient, its use in the therapeuticcompositions is contemplated. Supplementary active ingredients can alsobe incorporated into the compositions.

Where a given group (moiety) is described herein as being attached to asecond group and the site of attachment is not explicit, the given groupmay be attached at any available site of the given group to anyavailable site of the second group. For example, a “loweralkyl-substituted phenyl”, where the attachment sites are not explicit,may have any available site of the lower alkyl group attached to anyavailable site of the phenyl group. In this regard, an “available site”is a site of the group at which a hydrogen of the group may be replacedwith a substituent.

It is understood that in all substituted groups defined above, polymersarrived at by defining substituents with further substituents tothemselves (e.g., substituted aryl having a substituted aryl group as asubstituent which is itself substituted with a substituted aryl group,etc.) are not intended for inclusion herein. Also not included areinfinite numbers of substituents, whether the substituents are the sameor different. In such cases, the maximum number of such substituents isthree. Each of the above definitions is thus constrained by a limitationthat, for example, substituted aryl groups are limited to -substitutedaryl-(substituted aryl)-substituted aryl.

Compounds of Formula (I)

Nomenclature:

The naming and numbering of the compounds is illustrated with arepresentative compound (2):

namely:2,6-dichloro-N-[4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-pyridin-4-yl)-benzyl]-benzamide.

Accordingly, in certain aspects, is provided compounds of Formula (I):

wherein:

-   -   R¹ is hydrogen, —CH₂OH, —CH₂OP(O)(OR²⁰)(OR²¹), or optionally        substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl;    -   R² is hydrogen, —CN, halo, optionally substituted lower C₁₋₆        alkyl, or cycloalkyl; each of R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹²        and R¹³ is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, aminocarbonyl,        acyl, acylamino, —O—(C₁ to C₆-alkyl)-O—(C₁ to C₆-alkyl), cyano,        halo, —SO₂NR²⁴R²⁵, —NR²⁴R²⁵, optionally substituted alkyl,        optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted alkynyl,        optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally substituted        cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted        aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally        substituted heteroaralkyl, or optionally substituted        heterocyclyl;        -   wherein said optionally substituted alkyl, alkylene,            alkynyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl,            heteroaralkyl, or heterocyclyl are optionally substituted            with one, two or three substituents independently selected            from the group consisting of halo, —NO₂, phenyl,            heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl,            —N(R²⁴)(R²⁵), —C(O)—R²⁴, —C(O)—OR²⁴, —C(O)—N(R²⁴)(R²⁵), —CN            and —O—R²⁴;    -   R⁷ is hydrogen or optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl;    -   each of R²⁰ and R²¹ is independently Na⁺, Li⁺, K⁺, hydrogen, or        C₁₋₆ alkyl; or R²⁰ and R²¹ can be combined to represent a single        divalent cation Zn²⁺, Ca²⁺, or Mg²⁺;    -   each of R²² and R²³ is independently optionally substituted        alkyl, optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally substituted        cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, or —NR²⁴R²⁵; and    -   each of R²⁴ and R²⁵ is independently hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl or        when combined together with the nitrogen to which they are        attached form a heterocycle; or    -   a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, or tautomer thereof.

In certain embodiments, R¹ is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R¹ isC₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R¹ is methyl. In certainembodiments, R¹ is —CH₂OP(O)(OR²⁰)(OR²¹); and each of R²⁰ and R²¹ isindependently Na⁺, Li⁺, K⁺, or hydrogen. In certain embodiments, atleast one of R¹, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³ is not hydrogen. In otherembodiments, at least two of R¹, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³ is not hydrogen.

In certain embodiments, R² is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R² isC₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R² is methyl. In certainembodiments, R² is selected from the group consisting of ethyl,n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, t-butyl, and n-hexyl. Incertain embodiments, R² is halo. In certain embodiments, R² is fluoro.In certain embodiments, R² is chloro. In certain embodiments, R² isbromo. In certain embodiments, R² is iodo. In certain embodiments, eachof R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶ R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹² and R¹³ is independently hydrogen,hydroxyl, —OP(O)(OR²⁰)(OR²¹), —CH₂OH, —CH₂OP(O)(OR²⁰)(OR²¹), optionallysubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, optionally substituted C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl,optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy, —O—(C₁ to C₆-alkyl)-O—(C₁ toC₆-alkyl), —C(O)NH₂, cyano, or halo. In certain embodiments, each of R³,R⁴, R⁵, and R⁶ is independently hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, or halo. Incertain embodiments, one of R³, R⁴, R⁵, or R⁶ is C₁₋₆ alkyl or halo. Incertain embodiments, one of R³, R⁴, R⁵, or R⁶ is selected from the groupconsisting of ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, t-butyl,and n-hexyl. In certain embodiments, one of R³, R⁴, R⁵, or R⁶ is methyl.In certain embodiments, one of R³, R⁴, R⁵, or R⁶ is fluoro. In certainembodiments, one of R³, R⁴, R⁵, or R⁶ is chloro. In certain embodiments,one of R³, R⁴, R⁵, or R⁶ is fluoro. In certain embodiments, one of R³,R⁴, R⁵, or R⁶ is iodo.

In certain embodiments, R⁷ is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R⁷ isC₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁷ is selected from the groupconsisting of ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, t-butyl,and n-hexyl. In certain embodiments, R⁷ is methyl.

In certain embodiments, at least one of R⁹ and R¹³ is not hydrogen. Incertain embodiments, at least one of R⁹ and R¹³ is halo or C₁₋₆ alkyl.In certain embodiments, at least one of R⁹ and R¹³ is selected from thegroup consisting of ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl,t-butyl, and n-hexyl. In certain embodiments, at least one of R⁹ and R¹³is independently chloro, fluoro, or methyl. In certain embodiments, atleast one of R⁹ and R¹³ is bromo. In certain embodiments, at least oneof R⁹ and R¹³ is iodo. In certain embodiments, R⁹ and R¹³ areindependently halo or C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁹ and R¹³ areindependently chloro, fluoro, or methyl. In certain embodiments, R⁹ andR¹³ are chloro. In certain embodiments, R⁹ and R¹³ are methyl.

In certain embodiments, each of R¹⁰ and R¹² is independently hydrogen,halo, or C₁₋₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, each of R¹⁰ and R¹² isindependently ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, t-butyl,and n-hexyl. In certain embodiments, each of R¹⁰ and R¹² isindependently hydrogen, chloro, fluoro, or methyl. In certainembodiments, each of R¹⁰ and R¹² is independently bromo. In certainembodiments, each of R¹⁰ and R¹² is independently iodo. In certainembodiments, each of R¹⁰ and R¹² is independently fluoro. In certainembodiments, each of R¹⁰ and R¹² is independently chloro. In certainembodiments, R¹⁰ and R¹² are hydrogen.

In certain embodiments, R¹¹ is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R¹¹ is—O—(C₁ to C₆-alkyl)-O—(C₁ to C₆-alkyl). In certain embodiments, R¹¹ is—OCH₂CH₂OCH₃. In certain embodiments, R¹¹ is independently ethyl,n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, t-butyl, and n-hexyl. Incertain embodiments, R¹¹ is halo. In certain embodiments, R¹¹ is fluoro.In certain embodiments, R¹¹ is chloro. In certain embodiments, R¹¹ isbromo. In certain embodiments, R¹¹ is iodo.

In certain embodiments,

is selected from the group consisting of:

In certain embodiments, R¹ is hydrogen, methyl, or—CH₂OP(O)(OR²⁰)(OR²¹); R² is hydrogen, methyl, or fluoro; each of R³ andR⁴ is independently hydrogen or methyl; each of R⁵ and R⁶ isindependently hydrogen or fluoro; R⁷ is hydrogen; R⁹ is hydrogen,chloro, fluoro, or methyl; R¹⁰ is hydrogen or fluoro; R¹¹ is hydrogen or—OCH₂CH₂OCH₃; R¹² is hydrogen or fluoro; R¹³ is hydrogen, chloro,fluoro, or methyl; and each of R²⁰ and R²¹ is independently Na⁺, Li⁺,K⁺, or hydrogen.

In certain embodiments, the structure is:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, single stereoisomer,mixture of stereoisomers, or tautomer thereof.

In certain embodiments, the structure is:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, single stereoisomer,mixture of stereoisomers, or tautomer thereof. The above compound is anexample of a prodrug as it generates the free amide (pyridine) compoundas a metabolite. One of ordinary skill in the art is able to synthesizeother prodrugs of compounds of the invention based on disclosure hereinand in the art.

In certain embodiments, the compound is selected from the groupconsisting of:

-   2,6-dichloro-4-(2-methoxyethoxy)-N-(4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl)    benzyl)benzamide (1);-   2,6-dichloro-N-[4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-pyridin-4-yl)-benzyl]-benzamide    (2);-   2-chloro-3-fluoro-N-(4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide    (3);-   2-chloro-6-methyl-N-(4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide    (4);-   2,6-dimethyl-N-(4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide    (5);-   2,6-dichloro-N-[4-(6-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-pyridin-4-yl)-benzyl]-benzamide    (6);-   2-chloro-3,6-difluoro-N-(4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide    (7);-   2,6-dichloro-N-(3-methyl-4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide    (8);-   2,6-dichloro-N-(4-(1-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide    (9);-   2,6-difluoro-N-(4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide    (10);-   2-chloro-6-fluoro-N-(4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide    (11);-   2,6-dichloro-N-(2-fluoro-4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide    (12);-   2,6-dichloro-N-(4-(5-fluoro-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide    (13); and phosphoric acid    mono-(4-{4-[(2,6-dichloro-benzoylamino)-methyl]-phenyl}-2-oxo-2H-pyridin-1-ylmethyl)    ester (14); or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, single    stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, or tautomer thereof.

Synthesis of the Compounds of Formula (I)

Compound Preparation:

The compounds can be prepared from readily available starting materialsusing, for example, the following general methods and procedures. Itwill be appreciated that where typical or preferred process conditions(i.e., reaction temperatures, times, mole ratios of reactants, solvents,pressures, etc.) are given, other process conditions can also be usedunless otherwise stated. Optimum reaction conditions may vary with theparticular reactants or solvent used, but such conditions can bedetermined by one skilled in the art by routine optimization procedures

Additionally, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art,conventional protecting groups may be necessary to prevent certainfunctional groups from undergoing undesired reactions. The term“protecting group” or “PG,” as used herein, is meant that a particularfunctional moiety, e.g., O, S, or N, is temporarily blocked so that areaction can be carried out selectively at another reactive site in amultifunctional compound. “Protecting groups” or “PGs,” as used herein,are well known in the art and include those described in detail inProtective Groups in Organic Synthesis, Fourth Ed., Greene, T. W. andWuts, P. G., Eds., John Wiley & Sons, New York: 2007, the entirecontents of which are hereby incorporated by reference, and referencescited therein.

The term “protecting group” or “PG” encompasses a “suitable aminoprotecting group” that is well known in the art and includes thosedescribed in detail in Greene et al. Non-limiting examples of suitableamino protecting groups include methyl carbamate, ethyl carbamate,9-fluorenylmethyl carbamate (Fmoc), t-butyl carbamate (BOC), and benzylcarbamate (Cbz).

The term “protecting group” or “PG” further encompasses a “suitablecarboxylic acid protecting group” and a “suitable phosphoric acidprotecting group” that is well known in the art and includes thosedescribed in detail in Greene et al. Non-limiting examples of suitablecarboxylic acid protecting groups and suitable phosphoric acidprotecting groups further include, but are not limited to, silyl-,alkyl-, alkenyl-, aryl-, and arylalkyl-protecting groups.

The term “protecting group” or “PG” further encompasses a “suitablehydroxyl protecting group,” that is well known in the art and includesthose described in detail in Greene et al. Non-limiting examples ofsuitable hydroxyl protecting groups include methyl, t-butyl,methoxylmethyl (MOM), trimethylsilyl (TMS), triethylsilyl (TES),triisopropylsilyl (TIPS), and the like.

The term “leaving group” or “LG” as used herein, is well known amongthose of skill in the art as a labile substituent of a compound that isreadily displaced from the compound. Leaving groups, as used herein, aredescribed in March's Advanced Organic Chemistry, (John Wiley, and Sons,5^(th) Edition, 2001), and encompass the group consisting of a halo;OR^(G); SR^(G); O(CO)R^(G); S(CO)R^(G); O(SO₂)R^(G); OP(O)OR^(G)OR^(H);or N₂ ⁺; wherein each R^(G) and R^(H) is, independently, hydrogen, asubstituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched, cyclic or acyclicC₁₋₁₀ alkyl; a substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched,cyclic or acyclic C₁₋₁₀ haloalkyl; a substituted or unsubstituted aryl;or a substituted or unsubstituted haloaryl. In certain embodiments, eachLG is, independently, a chloro; bromo; iodo;

wherein each X² is, independently, O or S.

The term “peptide coupling agent” refers to reagents used in the methodsof peptide coupling that are well known to those skilled in the art asdescribed in M. Bodansky, et al., “The Practice of Peptide Synthesis,Reactivity and Structure, Concepts in Organic Chemistry,” Volume 21,Second, Revised Edition, Springer-Verlag, New York, N.Y. (1994), theentire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. The“peptide coupling agents,” as used herein, that are useful in the methodinclude, but are not limited to those disclosed in Bodansky, et al.,such as O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluroniumhexafluorophosphate (HATU),O-benzotriazole-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-uronium-hexafluoro-phosphate(HBTU), dicyclohexyl carbodiimide (DCC), diisopropyl carbodiimide (DIC).DCC/1-hydroxy benzotriazole, DCC/N-hydroxysuccinimide,1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethyllaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride EDC-HCl,1-isobutoxycarbonyl-2-isobutoxy-1,2-dihydro quinone (IIDQ),carbonyldiimidizole, N-ethyl-5-phenylisoxazolium-3′-sulfonate(Woodward's Reagent K),benzotriazolyl-N-hydroxytris(dimethyamino)phosphoniumhexafluorophosphate (BOP),(benzotriazol-1-yloxy)tripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate(PyBOP), and the like.

The term “Suzuki reaction” as used herein, is well known among those ofskill in the art as and refers to a CC coupling of two reactants inwhich one reactant is a boronic acid or boronic ester moiety, asdescribed by N. Miyaura and A. Suzuki; Chem. Rev.; 1995, 95, 2457-2483;and A. Suzuki, J. Organomet. Chem., 1999, 576, 147-168. Typically, theSuzuki reaction may be carried out in the presence of a palladiumcatalyst such as palladium(II) acetate,tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (0), palladium on activatedcharcoal or dichloro[1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]palladium(II),in an aprotic polar solvent (for example acetonitrile,N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethoxyethone or tetrahydrofuran) or a proticpolar solvent (for example n-propanol, iso-propanol) or a mixture ofthese solvents with water. The volume of solvent used will be fromapproximately 3 to 30 times the quantity of boronic acid or boronicester used. Advantageously, the palladium catalyst may contain a ligandselected from: a triphenylphosphine, a tri-o-tolylphosphine, atri-m-tolylphosphine or a tri-p-tolylphosphine. The catalystsparticularly preferred are palladium(II) acetate and palladium on carbonwhich make it possible to obtain particularly fast reaction kinetics.Palladium(II) acetate may be advantageously used in combination with a2-(dicyclo hexylphosphino)biphenyl type ligand (J. P. Wolfe et al., J.Am. Chem. Soc., 1999, 121, 9550-9561). The reaction is generally carriedout in the presence of an inorganic base such as potassium carbonate,sodium carbonate, caesium carbonate, sodium hydroxide or potassiumhydroxide or in the presence of a tertiary amine such as triethylamineor diisopropylethylamine. In certain embodiments the inorganic base canbe potassium carbonate or potassium hydroxide. The Suzuki reaction ispreferably carried out under an inert atmosphere, for example, under anargon or nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture is advantageouslyheated at a temperature in the range from 60° C. to 110° C., for 2minutes to 24 hours. Quenching with an acidic medium, for example, inthe presence of HCl, is often carried out. One skilled in the art willbe able to modify these conditions, in particular by applying thevariants of the Suzuki reaction which are described in the literature.

The term “cyclic boronic ester moiety” refers to portions ofboron-comprising reactants used in Suzuki reactions such as4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxa boronic ester,4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaboronic ester, pinacolato dioxaboronicester, catechol dioxaboronic ester, neopentyl glycolato dioxaboronicester, hexylene glycolato dioxaboronic ester, [(+)-pinonediolato]dioxaboronic ester, [(−)-pinonediolato] dioxaboronic ester,diethyl-d-tartrate glycolato dioxaboronic ester, diethyl-1-tartrateglycolato dioxaboronic ester, diisopropyl-d-tartrate glycolatodioxaboronic ester, diisopropyl-1-tartrate-glycolato dioxaboronic ester,N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-d-tartaramide-glycolato dioxaboronic ester, orN,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-1-tartaramide glycolato dioxaboronic ester.

Furthermore, the compounds may contain one or more chiral centers.Accordingly, if desired, such compounds can be prepared or isolated aspure stereoisomers, i.e., as individual enantiomers or diastereomers, oras stereoisomer-enriched mixtures. All such stereoisomers (and enrichedmixtures) are included within the scope, unless otherwise indicated.Pure stereoisomers (or enriched mixtures) may be prepared using, forexample, optically active starting materials or stereoselective reagentswell-known in the art. Alternatively, racemic mixtures of such compoundscan be separated using, for example, chiral column chromatography,chiral resolving agents, and the like.

The starting materials for the following reactions are generally knowncompounds or can be prepared by known procedures or obviousmodifications thereof. For example, many of the starting materials areavailable from commercial suppliers such as Aldrich Chemical Co.(Milwaukee, Wis., USA), Bachem (Torrance, Calif., USA), Emka-Chemce orSigma (St. Louis, Mo., USA). Others may be prepared by procedures, orobvious modifications thereof, described in standard reference textssuch as Fieser and Fieser's Reagents for Organic Synthesis, Volumes 1-15(John Wiley, and Sons, 1991), Rodd's Chemistry of Carbon Compounds,Volumes 1-5, and Supplementals (Elsevier Science Publishers, 1989),Organic Reactions, Volumes 1-40 (John Wiley, and Sons, 1991), March'sAdvanced Organic Chemistry, (John Wiley, and Sons, 5^(th) Edition,2001), and Larock's Comprehensive Organic Transformations (VCHPublishers Inc., 1989).

The terms “solvent”, “inert organic solvent” or “inert solvent” mean asolvent inert under the conditions of the reaction being described inconjunction therewith [including, for example, benzene, toluene,acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran (“THF”), dimethylformamide (“DMF”),chloroform, methylene chloride (or dichloromethone), diethyl ether,methanol, pyridine and the like]. Unless specified to the contrary, thesolvents used in the reactions are inert organic solvents.

The term “q.s.” means adding a quantity sufficient to achieve a statedfunction, e.g., to bring a solution to the desired volume (i.e., 100%).

Synthetic Strategies

The compounds of Formula (I) in which substituents R¹ through R²⁷, X¹,Y¹, Z¹ and Z² are as defined herein. LG is a leaving group (e.g., halo,hydroxyl, alkoxy, OSO₂CF₃, N₂ ⁺, etc.); PG is a protecting group (e.g.,t-butyl, t-butyl carbamate (BOC), etc.); and Z² is (OH)₂, (OMe)₂, F₃ ⁻,or (OR^(H))(OR^(J)), wherein OR^(H) and OR^(J) may combine with boron toform a cyclic arylboronic ester moiety or cyclic alkylboronic estermoiety as described herein (e.g., 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaboronicester, catechol dioxaboronic ester, etc.); wherein R¹⁷ is an optionallysubstituted alkylene moiety of 1-6 carbon atoms.

In one embodiment, the compounds of Formula (I) may be preparedaccording to the synthetic sequence shown in Scheme I.

The compounds of Formula (I) can be prepared according to the syntheticsequence shown in Scheme I from reactants (a) and (b) that arecommercially available or prepared by means well known in the art. Ingeneral, the reactants (a) and at least one molar equivalent, andpreferably a slight excess (e.g., 1.2 to 1.5 molar equivalents) of (b),as shown in Scheme I, are combined under standard reaction conditions inan inert solvent, such as dimethylformamide (DMF), at a temperature ofabout 25° C. until the reaction is complete, generally about 16 hours.Standard reaction conditions may comprise the use of a molar excess ofsuitable base, such as sodium or potassium hydroxide, triethylamine,diisopropylethylamine, N-methylmorpholine (NMM), or pyridine, or in somecases where LG is hydroxyl, a peptide coupling reagent, such asO-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetra methyluroniumhexafluorophosphate (HATU), may be used. When the reaction issubstantially complete, the product is subjected, if necessary, to adeprotection sequence under standard reaction conditions (e.g., THF,CH₂Cl₂, or the like, a molar excess of acid such as acetic acid, formicacid, trifluoroacetic acid, or the like as described herein) to yieldisolated by conventional means.

Alternative methods for preparing compounds of Formula (I) are shownbelow in the synthetic sequences of Schemes II-V. For example, in afurther embodiment, the compounds of Formula (I) may be prepared asshown in the synthetic sequence of Scheme II.

The compounds of Formula (I) can be prepared according to the syntheticsequence shown in Scheme II from the appropriate aminomethylarylboronicacid derivative (c) and at least one equivalent, and preferably a slightexcess (e.g., 1.2 to 1.5 molar equivalents), of reactant (b) understandard reaction conditions. Standard reaction conditions may comprisethe use of a suitable base, or in some cases where LG is hydroxyl, atleast one equivalent, and preferably a slight molar excess (e.g., 1.2 to1.5 molar equivalents), of a peptide coupling reagent as describedherein. The resulting arylboronic acid derivative (d) and substitutedpyridine (e) are then coupled under standard Suzuki reaction conditions(e.g., molar equivalents of (d) and (e) in dry DMF under argonatmosphere, at elevated temperatures, with approximately 5-10 molar % ofpalladium catalyst and a molar excess of inorganic base such aspotassium carbonate, as described herein) followed, if necessary, by adeprotection sequence under standard reaction conditions (e.g., THF,CH₂Cl₂, or the like, a molar excess of acid such as acetic acid, formicacid, trifluoroacetic acid, or the like as described herein) to yieldthe pyridin-2(1H)-ones (g).

In another embodiment, the compounds of Formula (I) may be prepared asshown in the synthetic sequence of Scheme III.

The compounds of Formula (I) can be prepared according to the syntheticsequence shown in Scheme III by the coupling of an arylboronic acidderivative, (h), and a substituted pyridine, (e), under standard Suzukireaction conditions (e.g., molar equivalents of (h) and (e) in dry DMF,under argon atmosphere at elevated temperatures, with approximately 5-10molar % of palladium catalyst and a molar excess of inorganic base suchas potassium carbonate, as described herein) to yield the protectedamine (i). Deprotection of (i) under standard conditions (e.g., THF,CH₂Cl₂, or the like, a molar excess of acid such as acetic acid, formicacid, trifluoroacetic acid, or the like as described herein) yields theprimary amine (j), which is combined with at least one molar equivalent,and preferably a slight excess (e.g., 1.2 to 1.5 molar equivalents), ofacyl derivative (b) under standard reaction conditions to yield thepyridin-2(1H)-ones (g). Standard reaction conditions may comprise theuse of a suitable base, or in some cases where LG is hydroxyl, at leastone equivalent, and preferably a slight molar excess (e.g., 1.2 to 1.5molar equivalents), of a peptide coupling reagent as described herein.

In yet another embodiment, the compounds of Formula (I) may be preparedas shown in the synthetic sequence of Scheme IV.

The compounds of Formula (I) can be prepared according to the syntheticsequence shown in Scheme IV by reacting amine (k) with at least oneequivalent, and preferably a slight excess (e.g., 1.2 to 1.5 molarequivalents), of acyl derivative (b) under standard reaction conditionsto yield amide (1). Standard reaction conditions may comprise the use ofa suitable base, or in some cases where LG is hydroxyl, at least oneequivalent, and preferably a slight molar excess (e.g., 1.2 to 1.5 molarequivalents), of a peptide coupling reagent as described herein. Amide(1) is then coupled with pyridylboronic acid derivative (m) and understandard Suzuki conditions (e.g., molar equivalents of (1) and (m) indry DMF under argon atmosphere at elevated temperatures, withapproximately 5-10 molar % of palladium catalyst and a molar excess ofinorganic base such as potassium carbonate, as described herein) toproduce the substituted pyridine derivative (f) which is converted tothe pyridin-2(1H)-ones (g) following deprotection (e.g., THF, CH₂Cl₂, orthe like, a molar excess of acid such as acetic acid, formic acid,trifluoroacetic acid, or the like as described herein).

In certain embodiments, phosphate ester derivatives of Formula (I) maybe prepared as shown below in the synthetic sequence of Scheme V.

For example, phosphate ester derivatives (r) can be prepared accordingto the synthetic sequence of Scheme V by the alkylation of apyridin-2(1H)-one (g) with at least one equivalent, and preferably aslight excess (e.g., 1.2 to 1.5 molar equivalents) of linker (n),wherein R²⁷ is an optionally substituted alkylene moiety of 1-6 carbonatoms, and at least one equivalent, and preferably a slight excess(e.g., 1.2 to 2 molar equivalents) of a suitable base such astriethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, N-methylmorpholine (NMM), orpyridine under standard reaction conditions to yield the alkylatedpyridin-2(1H)-one (o) derivative which can subsequently be used toO-alkylate a molar excess (e.g., 1.2 to 5 molar equivalents) ofphosphate diester (p) to yield a the corresponding phosphate triester(q). Deprotection of phosphate triester (q) under standard conditions(e.g., CH₃CN/H₂O or the like, a molar excess of acid such as acetic acidor the like with heating, as described herein) yields phosphate ester(r).

The compounds of Formula (II) can be prepared according to the syntheticsequence shown in Scheme A from reactants (1) and (2) that arecommercially available or prepared by means well known in the art. Ingeneral, the reactants (1) and at least one molar equivalent, andpreferably a slight excess (e.g., 1.2 to 1.5 molar equivalents) of (2),as shown in Scheme A, are combined under standard reaction conditions inan inert solvent, such as dimethylformamide (DMF), at a temperature ofabout 25° C. until the reaction is complete, generally about 16 hours.Standard reaction conditions may comprise the use of a molar excess ofsuitable base, such as sodium, potassium hydroxide, triethylamine,diisopropylethylamine, N methylmorpholine (NMM), or pyridine, or in somecases where LG is hydroxyl, a peptide coupling reagent, such as O (7azabenzotriazol 1 yl) N,N,N′,N′ tetra methyluronium hexafluorophosphate(HATU), may be used. When the reaction is substantially complete, theproduct is subjected, if necessary, to a deprotection sequence understandard reaction conditions (e.g., THF, CH₂Cl₂, or the like, a molarexcess of acid such as acetic acid, formic acid, trifluoroacetic acid,or the like as described herein) to yield isolated by conventionalmeans.

The compounds of Formula (II) may also be prepared according to thesynthetic sequence shown in Scheme B from commercially availablereactant (1) or prepared by means well known in the art. Formula 3 canbe prepared from reactant 1 via hydrogenation. In general the reactants(1) is hydrogenated using paladium catalyst such as Pd/C, Pd(OH)2, insolvent such as ethanol or by transfer hydrogenation. Formula 3 is thencoupled with commercially available reactant 2 by means well known inthe art. In general, the reactants (1) and at least one molarequivalent, and preferably a slight excess (e.g., 1.2 to 1.5 molarequivalents) of (2), as shown in Scheme A, are combined under standardreaction conditions in an inert solvent, such as dimethylformamide(DMF), at a temperature of about 25° C. until the reaction is complete,generally in about 16 hours. Standard reaction conditions may comprisethe use of a molar excess of suitable base, such as sodium or potassiumhydroxide, triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, N methylmorpholine(NMM), or pyridine, or in some cases where LG is hydroxyl, a peptidecoupling reagent, such as O (7 azabenzotriazol-1-yl) N,N,N′,N′ tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HATU), may be used. When the reactionis substantially complete, the product is subjected, if necessary, to adeprotection sequence under standard reaction conditions (e.g., THF,CH2Cl2, or the like, a molar excess of acid such as acetic acid, formicacid, trifluoroacetic acid, or the like as described herein) to yieldisolated by conventional means.

The compounds of Formula (II) may be prepared according to the syntheticsequence shown in Scheme C by the coupling an arylboronic acidderivative, (h), and a substituted pyridine, (e), under standard Suzukireaction conditions (e.g., molar equivalents of (h) and (e) in dry DMF,under argon atmosphere at elevated temperatures, with approximately 5-10molar % of palladium catalyst and a molar excess of inorganic base suchas potassium carbonate, as described herein to produce the substitutedpyridine derivative (f) which is converted to the pyridin-2(1H)-ones (g)following deprotection (e.g., THF, CH₂Cl₂, or the like, a molar excessof acid such as acetic acid, formic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, or thelike as described herein). Reactant pyridin-2(1H)-one (g) can behydrogenated using palladium catalyst such as Pd/C, Pd(OH)2, in asolvent such as ethanol or by transfer hydrogenation to producepiperidone (h) which may be converted to amine (i) which in turn may beconverted to formula II.

repairing Compounds of formula II

Pharmaceutical Compositions

In certain aspects, pharmaceutical compositions are provided comprisinga therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) and atleast one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

The compounds of Formula (I) are usually administered in the form ofpharmaceutical compositions. Therefore, pharmaceutical compositions areprovided that contain, as the active ingredient, one or more of thecompounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or esterthereof, and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients,carriers, including inert solid diluents and fillers, diluents,including sterile aqueous solution and various organic solvents,permeation enhancers, solubilizers and adjuvants.

The compounds of Formula (I) may be administered alone or in combinationwith other therapeutic agents. Such compositions are prepared in amanner well known in the pharmaceutical art (see, e.g., Remington'sPharmaceutical Sciences, Mace Publishing Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 17^(th)Ed. (1985) and Modern Pharmaceutics, Marcel Dekker, Inc. 3^(rd) Ed. (G.S. Banker & C. T. Rhodes, Eds.).

Methods of Use

In certain aspects, methods of using the compounds of Formula (I) in thetreatment of addiction to a dopamine-producing agent are provided. Themethod comprises administering to a mammal in need thereof atherapeutically effective dose of a compound of Formula (I). Suchdiseases include, but are not limited to, the treatment of dependencyupon cocaine, opiates, amphetamines, nicotine, and alcohol. In certainembodiments, the compounds of Formula (I) are generally effective in thetreatment of conditions that respond to the administration of ALDH-2inhibitors. While not wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed thatthe compounds described herein are effective in treating addiction as aconsequence of their ability to normalize the increased dopamine levelsassociated with various addictive behaviors. See, N. D. Volkow et al.,Dopamine in drug abuse and addiction: results from imaging studies andtreatment implications, Mol. Psychiatry 9 (2004), pp. 557-569; and B. J.Everitt and M. E. Wolf, Psychomotor stimulant addiction: a neuralsystems perspective, J. Neurosci. 22 (2002), pp. 3312-3320. Addictivebehavior has been shown to include addiction to food particularly sugaryfoods. For example, in the manuscript “Evidence for sugar addiction:Behavioral and neurochemical effects of intermittent, excessive sugarintake” (Hoebel et. Al. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2008; 32(1): 20-39.), theauthors wrote “What this review demonstrates is that rats withintermittent access to food and a sugar solution can show both aconstellation of behaviors and parallel brain changes that arecharacteristic of rats that voluntarily self-administer addictive drugs.In the aggregate, this is evidence that sugar can be addictive.”

Given this proposed mechanism of action, the compounds of Formula (I)are useful, for example, in the treatment of addictive and compulsivebehaviors and neurological conditions associated with increased dopaminelevels as described, for example, in the published U.S. patentapplication 20100113483. Such behaviors and conditions include, but arenot limited to, compulsive gambling, overeating, and shopping, obsessivecompulsive disorder (OCD), schizophrenia, attention deficithyperactivity disorder, anxiety and the like. In certain embodiments,the compounds described herein have also been shown to be effective intreating compulsive eating disorders and obesity.

Another aspect pertains to methods of modulating (e.g., reducing)alcohol consumption, alcohol dependence and/or alcohol abuse fortherapeutic purposes. Accordingly, in an exemplary embodiment, themodulatory method involves contacting ALDH-2 with a compound thatinhibits ALDH-2. In yet another exemplary embodiment, the modulatorymethod involves administering a compound that increases theconcentration of an aldehyde (e.g., 5-HIAL and/or DOPAL) formed duringcatabolism of a neurotransmitter (e.g., 5-HT/serotonin and/orDA/dopamine). Preferably, the compound does not inhibit MAO, or inhibitsMAO only to a small degree.

Another embodiment involves a method of modulating alcohol consumptionfor the treatment of alcohol abuse or dependence which includes the stepof administering to a patient a therapeutically effective amount of acompound which inhibits ALDH-2, and/or increases the concentration of analdehyde (e.g., 5-HIAL and/or DOPAL) formed during catabolism of aneurotransmitter (e.g., 5-HT and/or DA).

In certain embodiments, is provided a method of modulating alcoholconsumption in a mammal comprising administering a compound of Formula(I), or a pharmaceutical composition thereof, in an amount effective toincrease a concentration of an aldehyde formed during catabolism of aneurotransmitter. In certain embodiments, the neurotransmitter isserotonin or dopamine. In certain embodiments, the aldehyde is5-hydroxyindoleacetaldehyde or 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde. Incertain embodiments, the compound does not inhibit monoamine oxidase.

Testing

Activity testing is conducted as described in those patents and patentapplications referenced above, and in the Examples below, and by methodsapparent to one skilled in the art. For example, as described in “TheMitochondrial Monoamine Oxidase-Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Pathway: APotential Site of Action of Daidzein”, J. Med. Chem. 2000, 43,4169-4179. In general, the compounds of Formula (I) are assayed todetermine their effects on MAO and ALDH-2 independently using themembrane and lysate of a density-gradient-purified mitochondriapreparation as the respective enzyme sources. The results are expressedin IC₅₀ values.

Monitoring the influence of a compound of Formula (I) on the modulationof alcohol consumption, dependence and/or abuse in a patient can bedetermined by a screening assay as described herein and as described,for example, in the published U.S. patent application 20040068003. Insuch an assay, decreased consumption of alcohol can be used to measurethe effectiveness of compounds of Formula (I).

For example, and not by way of limitation, ALDH-2 activity is decreasedin cells treated with a compound of Formula (I) which inhibits ALDH-2and as a consequence diverts part of 5-HT metabolic flux from theoxidative pathway, which leads to the formation of 5-hydroxyindoleaceticacid (5-HIAA), to the reductive pathway, further leading to theformation of 5-hydroxytryptophol (5-HTOL). Thus, to study the effect ofa compound of Formula (I) on alcohol dependence and/or abuse, forexample, in a clinical trial, urine samples can be collected and levelsof 5-HIAA and 5-HTOL in the samples can be determined. Decreased levelsof 5-HIAA and increased levels of 5-HTOL will indicate inhibition ofALDH-2 activity. In this way, the urine [5-HTOL]/[5-HIAA] ratio canserve as a marker, indicative of the physiological response of the cellsto the compound. Accordingly, this response state may be determinedbefore, and at various points during treatment of the individual withthe compound.

In one embodiment, is provided a method for monitoring the effectivenessof treatment of a subject with a compound of Formula (I) including thesteps of (i) obtaining pre-administration urine samples from a subjectbefore and after alcohol detoxification but prior to administration ofthe compound of Formula (I); (ii) determining the [5-HTOL]/[5-HIAA]ratios in the pre-administration samples; (iii) obtaining one or morepost-administration samples from the subject; (iv) determining the[5-HTOL]/[5-HIAA] ratio in the post-administration samples; (v)comparing the [5-HTOL]/[5-HIAA] ratios in the pre-administration sampleswith that in the post administration sample or samples; and (vi)altering the administration of the compound of Formula (I) to thesubject accordingly. According to such an embodiment, ALDH-2inactivation and/or an increase in urine [5-HTOL]/[5-HIAA] ratio may beused as an indicator of the effectiveness of the compound of Formula(I), even in the absence of an observable phenotypic response.

Administration

The compounds of Formula (I) are usually administered in the form ofpharmaceutical compositions. Therefore provided herein arepharmaceutical compositions that contain, as the active ingredient, oneor more of the compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt or ester thereof, and one or more pharmaceuticallyacceptable excipients, carriers, including inert solid diluents andfillers, diluents, including sterile aqueous solution and variousorganic solvents, permeation enhancers, solubilizers and adjuvants. Thecompounds of Formula I may be administered alone or in combination withother therapeutic agents. Such compositions are prepared in a mannerwell known in the pharmaceutical art (see, e.g., Remington'sPharmaceutical Sciences, Mace Publishing Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 17^(th)Ed. (1985) and “Modern Pharmaceutics”, Marcel Dekker, Inc. 3^(rd) Ed.(G. S. Banker & C. T. Rhodes, Eds.).

The compounds of Formula (I) may be administered in either single ormultiple doses by any of the accepted modes of administration of agentshaving similar utilities, for example as described in those patents andpatent applications incorporated by reference, including rectal, buccal,intranasal and transdermal routes, by intra-arterial injection,intravenously, intraperitoneally, parenterally, intramuscularly,subcutaneously, orally, topically, as an inhalant, or via an impregnatedor coated device such as a stent, for example, or an artery-insertedcylindrical polymer.

One mode for administration is parental, particularly by injection. Theforms in which the novel compositions may be incorporated foradministration by injection include aqueous or oil suspensions, oremulsions, with sesame oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, or peanut oil, aswell as elixirs, mannitol, dextrose, or a sterile aqueous solution, andsimilar pharmaceutical vehicles. Aqueous solutions in saline are alsoconventionally used for injection. Ethanol, glycerol, propylene glycol,liquid polyethylene glycol, and the like (and suitable mixturesthereof), cyclodextrin derivatives, and vegetable oils may also beemployed. The proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the useof a coating, such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the requiredparticle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants.The prevention of the action of microorganisms can be brought about byvarious antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens,chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like.

Sterile injectable solutions are prepared by incorporating the compoundof Formula (I) in the required amount in the appropriate solvent withvarious other ingredients as enumerated above, as required, followed byfiltered sterilization. Generally, dispersions are prepared byincorporating the various sterilized active ingredients into a sterilevehicle which contains the basic dispersion medium and the requiredother ingredients from those enumerated above. In the case of sterilepowders for the preparation of sterile injectable solutions, the knownmethods of preparation include vacuum-drying and freeze-dryingtechniques which yield a powder of the active ingredient plus anyadditional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filteredsolution thereof.

Oral administration is another route for administration of the compoundsof Formula (I). Administration may be via capsule or enteric coatedtablets, or the like. In making the pharmaceutical compositions thatinclude at least one compound of Formula (I), the active ingredient isusually diluted by an excipient and/or enclosed within such a carrierthat can be in the form of a capsule, sachet, paper or other container.When the excipient serves as a diluent, it can be a solid, semi-solid,or liquid material (as above), which acts as a vehicle, carrier ormedium for the active ingredient. Thus, the compositions can be in theform of tablets, pills, powders, lozenges, sachets, cachets, elixirs,suspensions, emulsions, solutions, syrups, aerosols (as a solid or in aliquid medium), ointments containing, for example, up to 10% by weightof the active compound, soft and hard gelatin capsules, sterileinjectable solutions, and sterile packaged powders.

Some examples of suitable excipients include lactose, dextrose, sucrose,sorbitol, mannitol, starches, gum acacia, calcium phosphate, alginates,tragacanth, gelatin, calcium silicate, microcrystalline cellulose,polyvinylpyrrolidone, cellulose, sterile water, syrup, and methylcellulose. The formulations can additionally include: lubricating agentssuch as talc, magnesium stearate, and mineral oil; wetting agents;emulsifying and suspending agents; preserving agents such as methyl- andpropylhydroxy-benzoates; sweetening agents; and flavoring agents.

The compositions can be formulated so as to provide quick, sustained ordelayed release of the active ingredient after administration to thepatient by employing procedures known in the art. Controlled releasedrug delivery systems for oral administration include osmotic pumpsystems and dissolutional systems containing polymer-coated reservoirsor drug-polymer matrix formulations. Examples of controlled releasesystems are given in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,845,770; 4,326,525; 4,902514; and5,616,345. Another formulation for use in the methods employstransdermal delivery devices (“patches”). Such transdermal patches maybe used to provide continuous or discontinuous infusion of the compoundsin controlled amounts. The construction and use of transdermal patchesfor the delivery of pharmaceutical agents is well known in the art. See,e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,023,252, 4,992,445 and 5,001,139. Such patchesmay be constructed for continuous, pulsatile, or on demand delivery ofpharmaceutical agents.

The compositions are preferably formulated in a unit dosage form. Theterm “unit dosage forms” refers to physically discrete units suitable asunitary dosages for human subjects and other mammals, each unitcontaining a predetermined quantity of active material calculated toproduce the desired therapeutic effect, in association with a suitablepharmaceutical excipient (e.g., a tablet, capsule, or ampoule). Thecompounds of Formula (I) are effective over a wide dosage range and isgenerally administered in a pharmaceutically effective amount.Preferably, for oral administration, each dosage unit contains fromabout 10 mg to 1 g of a compound of Formula (I), more preferably from 10to 700 mg, and for parenteral administration, preferably from 10 to 700mg of a compound of Formula (I), more preferably about 50-300 mg.Preferred dose regimens may also include administering about 100-300 mgtwice daily to a patient in need thereof. Nonetheless, it will beunderstood, that the amount of the compound of Formula (I) actuallyadministered will be determined by a physician, in light of the relevantcircumstances of the patient, including the condition to be treated, thechosen route of administration, the actual compound administered and itsrelative activity, the age, weight, and response of the individualpatient, the severity of the patient's symptoms, and the like.

For preparing solid compositions such as tablets, the principal activeingredient is mixed with a pharmaceutical excipient to form a solidpreformulation composition containing a homogeneous mixture of acompound. When referring to these preformulation compositions ashomogeneous, it is meant that the active ingredient is dispersed evenlythroughout the composition so that the composition may be readilysubdivided into equally effective unit dosage forms such as tablets,pills and capsules.

Tablets or pills may be coated or otherwise compounded to provide adosage form affording the advantage of prolonged action, or to protectfrom the acid conditions of the stomach. For example, the tablet or pillcan comprise an inner dosage and an outer dosage component, the latterbeing in the form of an envelope over the former. The two components canbe separated by an enteric layer that serves to resist disintegration inthe stomach and permit the inner component to pass intact into theduodenum or to be delayed in release. A variety of materials can be usedfor such enteric layers or coatings, such materials including a numberof polymeric acids and mixtures of polymeric acids with such materialsas shellac, cetyl alcohol, and cellulose acetate.

Compositions for inhalation or insufflation include solutions andsuspensions in pharmaceutically acceptable, aqueous organic solvents, ormixtures thereof, and powders. The liquid or solid compositions maycontain suitable pharmaceutically acceptable excipients as describedsupra. Preferably the compositions are administered by the oral or nasalrespiratory route for local or systemic effect. Compositions inpreferably pharmaceutically acceptable solvents may be nebulized by useof inert gases. Nebulized solutions may be inhaled directly from thenebulizing device or the nebulizing device may be attached to a facemask tent, or intermittent positive pressure breathing machine.Solution, suspension, or powder compositions may be administered,preferably orally or nasally, from devices that deliver the formulationin an appropriate manner.

The following examples are included to demonstrate certain embodiments.It should be appreciated by those of skill in the art that thetechniques disclosed in the examples which follow represent techniquesdiscovered by the inventor to function well in the practice, and thuscan be considered to constitute modes for its practice. However, thoseof skill in the art should, in light of the present disclosure,appreciate that many changes can be made in the specific embodimentswhich are disclosed and still obtain a like or similar result withoutdeparting from the spirit and scope.

EXAMPLES

Unless otherwise stated all temperatures are in degrees Celsius (° C.).Also, in these examples and elsewhere, abbreviations and acronyms havethe following meanings:

Abbreviation Meaning ° C. Degree Celsius 5-HIAA 5-Hydroxyindoleaceticacid 5-HIAL 5-Hydroxyindoleacetaldehyde 5-HT 5-Hydroxytryptamine(serotonin) 5-HTOL 5-Hydroxytryptophol Ae Enzyme activities measured inthe presence of a test compound AIDS Acquired immune deficiency syndromeALDH-2 Human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase Ao Enzyme activitiesmeasured in the absence of a test compound BHA Butylated hydroxy anisoleBOC tert-Butoxycarbonyl BOPBenzotriazolyl-N-hydroxytris(dimethyamino)phospho- niumhexafluorophosphate Cbz Benzyl carbamate cm centimeter d Doublet ddDoublet of doublets DA Dopamine DCC Dicyclohexyl carbodiimide DCMDichloromethone DIC Diisopropyl carbodiimide DIEAN,N-Diisopropylethylamine DMF Dimethylformamide DMSO Dimethylsulfoxidedt Doublet of triplets EDTA Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid equiv/eqEquivalents EtOAc Ethyl acetate EtOH Ethanol FR Fixed ratio g Grams HATUO-(7-Azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetra- methyluroniumhexafluorophosphate HBTU O-Benzotriazole-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-uronium-hexafluoro-phosphate HPLC High-performance liquid chromatography hrs/hHours Hz Hertz IC₅₀ The half maximal inhibitory concentration IIDQ1-Isobutoxycarbonyl-2-isobutoxy-1,2-dihydro quinone ip Intraperitonealiv Intravenous J Coupling constant Kg Kilogram L Liter LAD Lowalcohol-drinking rat LCMS/LC-MS Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometryLG Leaving group M Molar m/z mass-to-charge ratio M+ Mass peak M + HMass peak plus hydrogen M + Na Mass peak plus sodium MAO Monoamineoxidase Me Methyl mg Milligram MHz Megahertz min Minute ml/mL MillilitermM Millimolar mmol Millimole MOM Methoxylmethyl MS Mass spectroscopy NADNicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide NaPPi Sodium pyrophosphate NIHNational Institute of Health NMM N-Methylmorpholine NMR Nuclear magneticresonance NP Alcohol non-preferring rat OCD Obsessive compulsivedisorder PG Protecting group Ph Phenyl PyBOP(Benzotriazol-1-yloxy)tripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate q.s.Quantity sufficient to achieve a stated function RT/rt/R.T Roomtemperature s Second s Singlet SA Self-administration sc SubcutaneousSEM Standard error of means t Triplet TEA Triethylamine TESTriethylsilyl TFA Trifluoroacetic acid THF Tetrahydrofuran TIPSTriisopropylsilyl TKK TKK buffer TLC Thin layer chromatography TMSTrimethylsilyl TO Time out Tris tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethone δChemical shift μg Microgram μL/μl Microliter μM Micromolar μmolMicromole

Example 1 The preparation of2,6-dichloro-4-(2-methoxyethoxy)-N-(4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide(1) according to the synthetic route of Scheme I

Step 1—The preparation of 2,6-dichloro-4-(2-methoxyethoxy)benzaldehyde

2,6-Dichloro-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (0.5 g, 2.62 mmol),1-bromo-2-methoxyethone (0.3 mL), sodium iodide (0.4 g, 0.4 mmol) andpotassium carbonate (0.9 g, 6.55 mmol) were added in DMF (5 mL) andheated at 100° C. for 1 h under stirring. When the reaction was done,the reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc and extracted three timeswith water. The organic phase was dried over magnesium sulfate, filteredand concentrated in vacuum. The resulting solid was purified by normalphase chromatography (hexanes: EtOAc 3:1) to afford2,6-dichloro-4-(2-methoxyethoxy) benzaldehyde.

Step 2—The preparation of 2,6-dichloro-4-(2-methoxyethoxy)benzoic acid

2,6-Dichloro-4-(2-methoxyethoxy)benzaldehyde (0.5 g, 2.0 mmol) inacetone (20 mL) were cooled down in ice bath and then potassiumpermanganate (0.47 g, 3.0 mmol) in water (5 mL) was added slowly undervigorous stirring. The reaction mixture was warmed up slowly to roomtemperature and reacted over 24 h. The reaction mixture was filteredthrough celite and washed with acetone. The organic phase was evaporatedand then re-dissolved in EtOAc to be extracted with 1N HCl aqueoussolution. The organic phase was dried over magnesium sulfate, filteredand concentrated in vacuum to afford the compound2,6-dichloro-4-(2-methoxyethoxy)benzoic acid.

Step 3—The preparation ofN-(4-bromobenzyl)-2,6-dichloro-4-(2-methoxyethoxy) benzamide

2,6-Dichloro-4-(2-methoxyethoxy)benzoic acid (0.1 g, 0.23 mmol),(4-bromophenyl) methanamine hydrochloride (0.1 g, 0.27 mmol),2-(1H-7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyl uroniumhexafluorophosphate methanaminium (HATU) (0.17 g, 0.27 mmol), andtriethylamine (0.15 mL, 0.7 mmol) were combined in DMF (3 mL) and thenstirred at room temperature until reaction was completed. The reactionmixture was diluted with ethyl acetate and washed with water and twicewith a saturated sodium bicarbonate solution. The organic phase wasdried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuum. Thesolid resulting was used for next step without further purification.

Step 4—The preparation of2,6-dichloro-4-(2-methoxyethoxy)-N-(4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide

N-(4-Bromobenzyl)-2,6-dichloro-4-(2-methoxyethoxy)benzamide (0.11 g,0.25 mmol),2-tert-butoxy-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pyridine(0.085 g, 0.3 mmol), cesium carbonate (0.21 g, 0.75 mmol), and [1,1′Bis(diphenyl phosphino(ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II) (15 mg, 0.025mmol) were dissolved in degassed DMF (3 mL) and H₂O (1.5 mL). Thereaction mixture was degassed by bubbling nitrogen through for 15 minand then heated in the microwave at 85° C. for 20 min. The reactionmixture was diluted with EtOAc and extracted with water. The organicphase was dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated invacuum. The crude product was suspended in hot acetonitrile and thesolids filtered out to have the pure compoundN-(4-(2-tert-butoxypyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,6-dichloro-4-(2-methoxyethoxy)benzamide that was used for next step without furtherpurification.

CompoundN-(4-(2-tert-butoxypyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,6-dichloro-4-(2-methoxyethoxy)benzamide was re-dissolved in DCM (2 mL) and trifluoroacetic acid(2 mL) and stirred at room temperature for 1 h. after the reaction wasdone it was concentrated in vacuum and then purified by reverse phasechromatography to afford2,6-dichloro-4-(2-methoxyethoxy)-N-(4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide.

MS found for C₂₂H₂₀Cl₂N₂O₄ as (M+H)⁺ 448.32 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, dmso-d₆):¹H-NMR (DMSO) δ: 11.58 (s, 1H), 9.10 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 7.66 (d, J=8.4Hz, 2H), 7.46 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.4 (s, 1H), 7.12 (s, 2H), 6.56 (s,1H), 6.48 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 4.47 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 4.16 (t, J=4.4 Hz,2H), 4.62 (t, J=4.4 Hz, 2H), 3.27 (s, 3H).

Example 2 The preparation of2,6-dichloro-N-[4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-pyridin-4-yl)-benzyl]-benzamide (2)according to the synthetic route of Scheme II

Step 1—The preparation of4-[(2,6-dichloro-benzoylamino)methyl]phenylboronic acid

4-(Aminomethyl)phenylboronic acid hydrochloride (5 g, 26.7 mmol) wasdissolved in 25 mL water. 16 mL 50% aqueous KOH solution was addedfollowed by 2,6-dichlorobenzoyl chloride (6.7 g, 32 mmol). The mixturewas stirred rapidly at room temperature over night. Acidification with1N HCl gave a thick, white precipitate which was filtered, washed withwater and dried giving 4-[(2,6-dichloro-benzoylamino)methyl]phenylboronic acid as a white powder in quantitative yield.

Step 2—The preparation ofN-[4-(2-tert-butoxy-pyridin-4-yl)-benzyl]-2,6-dichloro-benzamide

4-[(2,6-Dichloro-benzoylamino)methyl]phenylboronic acid (5 g, 15.4mmol), potassium carbonate (5 g), and [1,1′bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene] dichloropalladium (II) (0.56 g, 0.77mmol) were combined in a round bottom flask. 4-Bromo-2-(t-butoxy)pyridine (3.55 g, 15.4 mmol) was dissolved in 20 mL DMF and added to theflask under stirring. The flask was flushed with nitrogen and 10 mLwater was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at 70° C. for twohours. After cooling the mixture was poured into 300 mL ethyl acetateand washed with water and brine. The organic phase was dried withmagnesium sulfate and evaporated under vacuum. The crudeN-[4-(2-tert-butoxy-pyridin-4-yl)-benzyl]-2,6-dichloro-benzamide wasfurther purified by silica gel chromatography (eluent: hexone/ethylacetate 1:1).

Step 3—The preparation of2,6-Dichloro-N-[4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-pyridin-4-yl)-benzyl]-benzamide

N-[4-(2-tert-Butoxy-pyridin-4-yl)-benzyl]-2,6-dichloro-benzamide wasdissolved in 30 mL dichloromethone and 12 mL of 98% formic acid. Themixture was stirred at 40° C. for three hours after which the volatilecomponents were evaporated under vacuum. The residue was triturated withethyl acetate, filtered, washed with ethyl acetate and dried giving2,6-dichloro-N-[4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-pyridin-4-yl)-benzyl]-benzamide(4.34 g, 75.5% yield over two steps) as white powder. C₁₉H₁₄Cl₂N₂O₂; MSm/z: 373 (MH⁺)¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 11.56 (s, 1H), δ 9.21 (t, J=5.6 Hz,1H), δ 7.67 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), δ 7.46 (m, 6H), δ 6.57 (d, J=1.2 Hz, 1H),δ 6.49 (dd, J=6.8 Hz, J′=1.6 Hz, 1H), δ 4.50 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H.

Example 3 A. The preparation of2-chloro-3-fluoro-N-(4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl)benzyl) benzamide(3) according to the synthetic route of Scheme III

Step 1—The preparation of 4-(4-(aminomethyl)phenyl)pyridin-2(1H)-one

To a solution of 4-((tert-butoxycarbonylamino)methyl)phenylboronic acid(1 g, 3.98 mmol), potassium carbonate (1.1 g, 7.96 mmol),4-Bromo-2-(t-butoxy)pyridine (1.1 g, 4.78 mmol) in degassedtoluene/EtOH/water (2:1:1) (6 mL) was added [1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium (II) (0.14 g, 0.199mmol). The reaction mixture was then heated in the microwave at 75° C.for 30 min. After cooling the mixture, it was purified by silica gelchromatography (eluent: CH₂Cl₂/ethyl acetate 95:5) to yield tert-butyl4-(2-tert-butoxypyridin-4-yl)benzylcarbamate (1). MS found forC₂₁H₂₈N₂O₃ as (M+H)⁺ 356.8. To the above Boc protected compound (462 mg,1.3 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (3 mL), 4.0 M HCl dioxane (1.6 mL, 6.5 mmol) wasadded and stirred at rt for 1 h. The reaction mixture was then dilutedwith ether and the resulting solids were filtered and washed with etherand dried to give 4-(4-(aminomethyl)phenyl)pyridin-2(1H)-one (2) ashydrochloride salt. C₁₂H₁₂N₂O 201.0 (M+1).

Step 2—The preparation of2-chloro-3-fluoro-N-(4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl) benzyl)benzamide

To the above amine (50 mg, 0.212 mmol), 2-chloro-3-fluorobenzoic acid(48 mg, 0.276 mmol), HATU (121 mg, 0.318 mmol), in DMF (1 mL) was addedNMM (0.06 mL, 0.53 mmol) and stirred at rt for 16 hours. The reactionmixture was diluted with water and acetonitrile and the resulting solidwas filtered and washed with ether and dried to give2-chloro-3-fluoro-N-(4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide.

MS found for C₁₉H₁₄ClFN₂O₂ as (M+H)⁺ 357.1 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, dmso-d₆): δ:11.56 (br, 1H), 9.13 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 7.68 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H),7.50-7.42 (m, 4H), 7.32 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H); 6.56 (s, 1H), 6.50 (d, J=7.2Hz, 1H); 4.49 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H).

B. The Preparation of Additional Compounds of Formula (I) According tothe Synthetic Route of Scheme III The preparation n of2-chloro-6-methyl-N-(4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl) benzyl)benzamide(4)

Compound (4) was prepared using a similar procedure as that describedfor Compound (3) with the appropriate starting materials. MS found forC₂₀H₁₇ClN₂O₂ as (M+H)⁺ 353.1 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, dmso-d₆): δ: 11.54 (br,1H), 9.04 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 7.68 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.47 (d, J=8.0 Hz,2H), 7.45 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.30-7.19 (m, 3H), 6.56 (s, 1H), 6.50 (d,J=7.2 Hz, 1H); 4.49 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H); 2.22 (s, 3H).

The preparation of2,6-dimethyl-N-(4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide (5)

Compound (5) was prepared using a similar procedure as that describedfor Compound (3) with the appropriate starting materials. MS found forC₂₁H₂₀N₂O₂ as (M+H)⁺ 353.1 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, dmso-d₆): δ: 11.55 (br, 1H),8.86 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 7.68 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.45-7.40 (m, 3H), 7.16(t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.02 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 6.56 (s, 1H), 6.50 (d, J=7.2Hz, 1H); 4.47 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H); 2.18 (s, 6H).

The preparation of2,6-Dichloro-N-[4-(6-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-pyridin-4-yl)-benzyl]-benzamide(6)

Compound (6) was prepared using a similar procedure as that describedfor Compound (3) with the appropriate starting materials. ¹H-NMR (DMSO)δ: 11.55 (br, 1H), 9.21 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 7.65 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H),7.52-7.40 (m, 5H), 6.38 (s, 1H), 6.35 (s, 1H), 4.50 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H),2.21 (s, 3H). MS: 387/389 (MH⁺).

Example 4 A. The preparation of2-chloro-3,6-difluoro-N-(4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide (7) according to the synthetic route of Scheme IV

Step 1—The preparation ofN-(4-bromobenzyl)-2-chloro-3,6-difluorobenzamide

(4-Bromophenyl) methanamine hydrochloride (0.5 g, 2.25 mmol),2-chloro-3,6-difluorobenzoic acid (0.52 g, 2.7 mmol),2-(1H-7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetra methyl uroniumhexafluorophosphate methanaminium (HATU) (1.2 g, 2.7 mmol), andN,N-diisopropyl-ethylamine (1.17 mL, 6.75 mmol) were combined in DMF (6mL) and then stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The reaction mixturewas diluted in ethyl acetate and washed once with water and twice withan aqueous saturated sodium bicarbonate solution. The organic phase wasdried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuum. Thecrude product was suspended in hot acetonitrile and then filtered tohave the pure compound N-(4-bromobenzyl)-2-chloro-3,6-difluorobenzamide.

Step 2—The preparation of2-tert-butoxy-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl) pyridine

4-Bromo-2-tert-butoxypyridine (1.0 g, 4.34 mmol), pinacoldiboron (1.32g, 5.2 mmol), potassium acetate (1.28 g, 5.2 mmol) and [1,1′Bis(diphenylphosphino(ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II) (0.318 g, 0.52mmol) were dissolved in degassed DMF (8 mL) and H₂O (4 mL). This mixturewas heated at 85° C. for 20 min. The reaction mixture was extracted withEtOAc in presence of water. The organic phase was dried over magnesiumsulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuum. The solids were purifiedby column (hexone: EtOAc, 3:1) to yield the pure compound2-tert-butoxy-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pyridine.

Step 3—The preparation ofN-(4-(2-tert-butoxypyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2-chloro-3,6-difluorobenzamide

Compound N-(4-bromobenzyl)-2-chloro-3,6-difluorobenzamide (0.2 g, 0.55mmol),2-tert-butoxy-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pyridine(0.17 g, 0.6 mmol), Cs₂CO₃ (0.54 g, 1.65 mmol), and [1,1′ Bis(diphenylphosphino (ferrocene]dichloro palladium (II) (40 mg, 0.05 mmol) weredissolved in degassed DMF (3 mL) and H₂O (1.5 mL). The reaction mixturewas degassed again by bubbling nitrogen through for 15 min and thenheated in the microwave at 85° C. for 20 min. The reaction mixture wasdiluted with EtOAc and extracted two times with water. The organic phasewas dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuum.The crude product was heated in acetonitrile and the solids filtered tohave the pure compoundN-(4-(2-tert-butoxypyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2-chloro-3,6-difluorobenzamidethat was used for next step without further purification.

The compoundN-(4-(2-tert-butoxypyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2-chloro-3,6-difluorobenzamidewas re-dissolved in DCM (2 mL) and trifluoroacetic acid (2 mL) andstirred at room temperature for 1 h. The reaction mixture wasconcentrated in vacuum and then purified by reverse phase chromatographyto afford2-chloro-3,6-difluoro-N-(4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide.

MS found for C₁₉H₁₃ClF₂N₂O₂ as (M+H)⁺ 377.16 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, dmso-d₆):¹H-NMR (DMSO) δ: 11.65 (s, 1H), 9.36 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 7.69 (d, J=8.4Hz, 2H), 7.58-7.52 (m, 1H), 7.46-7.37 (m, 4H), 6.61 (s, 1H), 6.55-6.53(m, 1H), 4.52 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 2H).

B. The Preparation of Additional Compounds of Formula (I) According tothe Synthetic Route of Scheme IV The preparation of2,6-dichloro-N-(3-methyl-4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide (8)

Step 1—The preparation ofN-(4-bromo-3-methylbenzyl)-2,6-dichlorobenzamide

4-Bromo-3-methylphenyl)methanamine (0.1 g, 0.5 mmol),2,6-dichlorobenzoic acid (0.11 g, 0.6 mmol),2-(1H-7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyl uroniumhexafluorophosphate methanaminium (HATU) (0.23 g, 0.6 mmol), andN,N-Diisopropylethylamine (0.2 mL, 1.25 mmol) were combined in DMF (3mL) and then stirred at room temperature until reaction was completed.Compound was precipitated by the addition of water and aqueous saturatedsolution of sodium bicarbonate. The precipitates were collected byfiltration and then re-suspended in hot acetonitrile. When the solutionwas cooled down the solids were collected by filtration to have the purecompound N-(4-bromo-3-methylbenzyl)-2,6-dichlorobenzamide that was usedfor next step without further purification.

Step 2—The preparation of2,6-dichloro-N-(3-methyl-4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide

N-(4-Bromo-3-methylbenzyl)-2,6-dichlorobenzamide (0.13 g, 0.35 mmol),2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-ylboronic acid (0.053 g, 0.39 mmol), cesiumcarbonate (0.34 g, 1.05 mmol), [1,1′Bis(diphenylphosphino(ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II) (25 mg, 0.035mmol) were dissolved in degassed DMF (3 mL) and H₂O (1.5 mL). Thereaction mixture was degassed again by bubbling nitrogen through for 15min then heated in the microwave at 85° C. for 20 min. The reactionmixture was diluted with EtOAc and extracted three times with water. Theorganic phase was dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered andconcentrated in vacuum. The resulting solid was purified by reversephase chromatography to afford2,6-dichloro-N-(3-methyl-4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide.

MS found for C₂₀H₁₆Cl₂N₂O₂ as (M+H)⁺ 389.13 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, dmso-d₆):¹H-NMR (DMSO) δ: 11.62 (s, 1H), 9.18 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 7.51-4.49 (m,2H), 7.44-7.37 (m, 2H), 7.3 (s, 2H), 7.26 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (d,J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.18 (s, 1H), 6.15-6.13 (m, 1H), 4.46 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 1H),2.24 (s, 3H).

The preparation of2,6-dichloro-N-(4-(1-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide (9)

Compound (9) was prepared using a similar procedure as that describedfor Compound (8) with the appropriate starting materials. MS found forC₂₀H₁₆Cl₂N₂O₂: 387 (MH⁺); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 9.21 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), δ7.74 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), δ 7.69 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), δ 7.46 (m, 5H), δ 6.66(d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), δ 6.56 (dd, J=6.8 Hz, J′=2.0 Hz, 1H), δ 4.50 (d,J=5.6 Hz, 2H), δ 3.43 (s, 3H).

The preparation of2,6-difluoro-N-(4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide (10)

Compound (10) was prepared using a similar procedure as that describedfor Compound (8) with the appropriate starting materials. MS found forC₁₉H₁₄F₂N₂O₂: 341 (MH⁺); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 11.56 (s, 1H), δ 9.29 (t,J=6.0 Hz, 1H), δ 7.68 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), δ 7.51 (m, 1H), δ 7.42 (m, 3H),87.17 (m, 2H), δ 6.57 (d, J=1.2 Hz, 1H), δ 6.49 (dd, J=6.8 Hz, J′=1.6Hz, 1H), δ 4.50 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H).

The preparation of2-chloro-6-fluoro-N-(4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl) benzyl)benzamide(11)

Compound (11) was prepared using a similar procedure as that describedfor Compound (8) with the appropriate starting materials. MS found forC₁₉H₁₄ClFN₂O₂: 357 (MH⁺); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 11.56 (s, 1H), δ 9.29 (t,J=4.8 Hz, 1H), δ 7.70 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), δ 7.41 (m, 6H), δ 6.59 (s, 1H),δ 6.52 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), δ 4.53 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 2H).

The preparation of2,6-dichloro-N-(2-fluoro-4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide (12)

Compound (12) was prepared using a similar procedure as that describedfor Compound (8) with the appropriate starting materials. MS found forC₁₉H₃Cl₂FN₂O₂: 391 (MH⁺); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 11.62 (s, 1H), 89.23 (t,J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 87.57 (m, 3H), 87.50 (m, 2H), 87.43 (m, 2H), 86.63 (d,J=1.2 Hz, 1H), δ 6.52 (dd, J=6.8 Hz, J′=1.6 Hz, 1H), δ 4.51 (d, J=6.0Hz, 2H).

The preparation of2,6-dichloro-N-(4-(5-fluoro-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide (13)

Compound (13) was prepared using a similar procedure as that describedfor Compound (8) with the appropriate starting materials. MS found forC₁₉H₁₃Cl₂FN₂O₂: 391 (MH⁺); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 11.27 (s, 1H), δ 9.23 (t,J=6.0 Hz, 1H), δ 7.80 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 1H), δ 7.50 (m, 7H), δ 6.53 (d,J=6.4 Hz, 1H), δ 4.52 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H).

Example 5 The preparation of phosphoric acidmono-(4-{4-[(2,6-dichloro-benzoylamino)-methyl]-phenyl}-2-oxo-2H-pyridin-1-ylmethyl)ester (14) according to the synthetic route of Scheme V

Step 1—The preparation of2,6-dichloro-N-[4-(1-chloromethyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-pyridin-4-yl)-benzyl]-benzamide

2,6-Dichloro-N-[4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-pyridin-4-yl)-benzyl]-benzamide(1.62 g, 4.34 mmol) was suspended in 15 mL dichloromethone.Chloromethylchloroformate (0.672 g, 5.21 mmol) was added followed by 3mL DMF. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for five hours.After diluting with 200 mL ethyl acetate, the organic phase was washedwith saturated, aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution and brine, driedwith magnesium sulfate and evaporated under vacuum. The crude2,6-dichloro-N-[4-(1-chloromethyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-pyridin-4-yl)-benzyl]-benzamidewas used in the following step without further purification.

Step 2—The preparation of phosphoric acid di-tert-butyl ester4-{4-[(2,6-dichloro-benzoylamino)-methyl]-phenyl}-2-oxo-2H-pyridin-1-ylmethylester

2,6-Dichloro-N-[4-(1-chloromethyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-pyridin-4-yl)-benzyl]-benzamidefrom the previous step was dissolved in 50 mL DMF. Potassium carbonate(1 g) was added followed by potassium di(t-butyl)phosphate (2 g) andtetrabutylammonium iodide (50 mg). The mixture was stirred at 70° C. forfour hours after which it was poured into 300 mL ethyl acetate. Theorganic phase was washed with water and brine, dried with magnesiumsulfate and evaporated under vacuum. The crude product was furtherpurified by silica gel chromatography (eluent: ethyl acetate), givingphosphoric acid di-tert-butyl ester4-{4-[(2,6-dichloro-benzoylamino)-methyl]-phenyl}-2-oxo-2H-pyridin-1-ylmethylester as a colorless oil which slowly crystallized.

Step 3—The preparation of phosphoric acidmono-(4-{4-[(2,6-dichloro-benzoylamino)-methyl]-phenyl}-2-oxo-2H-pyridin-1-ylmethyl)ester

Phosphoric acid di-tert-butyl ester4-{4-[(2,6-dichloro-benzoylamino)-methyl]-phenyl}-2-oxo-2H-pyridin-1-ylmethylester from the previous step was dissolved in 20 mL acetonitrile, 20 mLacetic acid and 20 mL water, and heated at 70° C. for four hours. Allvolatile components were evaporated under vacuum and the residue wasdissolved in 10 mL DMF. Slow addition of acetonitrile (˜60 mL)precipitated the product which was filtered, washed with moreacetonitrile and dried, giving phosphoric acidmono-(4-{4-[(2,6-dichloro-benzoylamino)-methyl]-phenyl}-2-oxo-2H-pyridin-1-ylmethyl)ester (1.17 g, 56% over three steps) as a white powder.

¹H-NMR (DMSO) δ: 9.23 (t, J=6.2 Hz, 1H), 7.73 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.71(d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.52-7.40 (m, 5H), 6.72 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 6.65 (dd,J=7.2 Hz, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 5.61 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 2H), 4.52 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 2H).MS: 483/485 (MH⁺).

Example 6 2,6-dimethyl-N-(4-(2-oxopiperidin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide

To a solution of2,6-dimethyl-N-(4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide (seecompound 5 of example 3B) in ethanol/methanol (5:1), 10% Pd/C was addedand the mixture was hydrogenated (1 atm) at 23° C. for 12 hours. Thecatalyst was filtered through celite pad and washed with methanol.Filtrate and washings were combined and the solvent was thenconcentrated and chromatographed (SiO2, 3-15% EtOAc/MeOH) to provide thetitle compound. MS found for C₂₁H₂₄N₂O₂ as (M+H)⁺337.1 ¹H NMR (400 MHz,dmso-d₆): δ: 8.76 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 1H); 7.52 (brs, 1H), 7.27-7.14 (m, 4H);7.13-6.99 (m, 3H); 4.40 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 2H); 3.23-3.16 (m, 2H); 3003-2.98(m, 1H); 2.35-2.21 (m 2H); 2.17 (s, 6H); 1.88-1.78 (m, 2H).

Example 7

Hard gelatin capsules containing the following ingredients are prepared:

Quantity Ingredient (mg/capsule) Active Ingredient 30.0 Starch 305.0Magnesium stearate 5.0

The above ingredients are mixed and filled into hard gelatin capsules.

Example 8

A tablet of a compound of Formula (I) is prepared using the ingredientsbelow:

Quantity Ingredient (mg/tablet) Active Ingredient 25.0 Cellulose,microcrystalline 200.0 Colloidal silicon dioxide 10.0 Stearic acid 5.0

The components are blended and compressed to form tablets.

Example 9

A dry powder inhaler formulation is prepared containing the followingcomponents:

Ingredient Weight % Active Ingredient 5 Lactose 95

The active ingredient is mixed with the lactose and the mixture is addedto a dry powder inhaling appliance.

Example 10

Tablets, each containing 30 mg of active ingredient, are prepared asfollows:

Quantity Ingredient (mg/tablet) Active Ingredient 30.0 mg Starch 45.0 mgMicrocrystalline cellulose 35.0 mg Polyvinylpyrrolidone 4.0 mg (as 10%solution in sterile water) Sodium carboxymethyl starch 4.5 mg Magnesiumstearate 0.5 mg Talc 1.0 mg Total 120 mg

The active ingredient, starch, and cellulose are passed through a No. 20mesh U.S. sieve and mixed thoroughly. The solution ofpolyvinylpyrrolidone is mixed with the resultant powders, which are thenpassed through a 16 mesh U.S. sieve. The granules so produced are driedat 50° C. to 60° C. and passed through a 16 mesh U.S. sieve. The sodiumcarboxymethyl starch, magnesium stearate, and talc, previously passedthrough a No. 30 mesh U.S. sieve, are then added to the granules which,after mixing, are compressed on a tablet machine to yield tablets eachweighing 120 mg.

Example 11

Suppositories, each containing 25 mg of active ingredient, are made asfollows:

Ingredient Amount Active Ingredient 25 mg Saturated fatty acidglycerides to 2,000 mg

The active ingredient is passed through a No. 60 mesh U.S. sieve andsuspended in the saturated fatty acid glycerides previously melted usingthe minimum heat necessary. The mixture is then poured into asuppository mold of nominal 2.0 g capacity and allowed to cool.

Example 12

Suspensions, each containing 50 mg of active ingredient per 5.0 mL dose,are made as follows:

Ingredient Amount Active Ingredient 50.0 mg Xanthan gum 4.0 mg Sodiumcarboxymethyl cellulose (11%) 50.0 mg Microcrystalline cellulose (89%)Sucrose 1.75 g Sodium benzoate 10.0 mg Flavor and Color q.v. Purifiedwater to 5.0 mL

The active ingredient, sucrose and xanthan gum are blended, passedthrough a No. 10 mesh U.S. sieve, and then mixed with a previously madesolution of the microcrystalline cellulose and sodium carboxymethylcellulose in water. The sodium benzoate, flavor, and color are dilutedwith some of the water and added with stirring. Sufficient water is thenadded to produce the required volume.

Example 13

A subcutaneous formulation may be prepared as follows:

Ingredient Quantity Active Ingredient 5.0 mg Corn Oil 1.0 mL

Example 14

An injectable preparation is prepared having the following composition:

Ingredients Amount Active ingredient 2.0 mg/mL Mannitol, USP 50 mg/mLGluconic acid, USP q.s. (pH 5-6) water (distilled, sterile) q.s. to 1.0mL Nitrogen Gas, NF q.s.

Example 15

A topical preparation is prepared having the following composition:

Ingredients grams Active ingredient 0.01-1 Span 60 2.0 Tween 60 2.0Mineral oil 5.0 Petrolatum 0.10 Methyl paraben 0.15 Propyl paraben 0.05BHA (butylated hydroxy anisole) 0.01 Water q.s. to 100

All of the above ingredients, except water, are combined and heated to60° C. with stirring. A sufficient quantity of water at 60° C. is thenadded with vigorous stirring to emulsify the ingredients, and water thenadded q.s. 100 g.

Example 16

Sustained Release Composition

Weight Range Range 1 Range 2 Ingredient (%) (%) (%) Active ingredient50-95 70-90 75 Microcrystalline cellulose (filler)  1-35   5-15 1 0.6Methacrylic acid copolymer  1-35   5-12.5 10.0 Sodium hydroxide 0.1-1.00.2-0.6 0.4 Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose 0.5-5.0 1-3 2.0 Magnesiumstearate 0.5-5.0 1-3 2.0

The sustained release formulations are prepared as follows: compound andpH-dependent binder and any optional excipients are intimately mixed(dry-blended). The dry-blended mixture is then granulated in thepresence of an aqueous solution of a strong base which is sprayed intothe blended powder. The granulate is dried, screened, mixed withoptional lubricants (such as talc or magnesium stearate), and compressedinto tablets. Certain aqueous solutions of strong bases are solutions ofalkali metal hydroxides, such as sodium or potassium hydroxide,preferably sodium hydroxide, in water (optionally containing up to 25%of water-miscible solvents such as lower alcohols).

The resulting tablets may be coated with an optional film-forming agent,for identification, taste-masking purposes and to improve ease ofswallowing. The film forming agent will typically be present in anamount ranging from between 2% and 4% of the tablet weight. Suitablefilm-forming agents are well known to the art and include hydroxypropyl,methylcellulose, cationic methacrylate copolymers (dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate/methyl-butyl methacrylate copolymers—Eudragit® E—Röhm.Pharma) and the like. These film-forming agents may optionally containcolorants, plasticizers, and other supplemental ingredients.

The compressed tablets preferably have a hardness sufficient towithstand 8 Kp compression. The tablet size will depend primarily uponthe amount of compound in the tablet. The tablets will include from 300to 1100 mg of compound free base. Preferably, the tablets will includeamounts of compound free base ranging from about 10-200 mg, 100-300 mg,or 400-600 mg.

In order to influence the dissolution rate, the time during which thecompound containing powder is wet mixed is controlled. Preferably thetotal powder mix time, i.e., the time during which the powder is exposedto sodium hydroxide solution, will range from 1 to 10 minutes andpreferably from 2 to 5 minutes. Following granulation, the particles areremoved from the granulator and placed in a fluid bed dryer for dryingat about 60° C.

Example 17

ALDH2 Assays

Standard ALDH2 reaction mixtures contained 150 uM formaldehyde, 2.5 mMNAD⁺, 10 mM MgCl2 and 10 nM recombinant human ALDH2 in 50 mM Hepesbuffer, pH 7.4, 0.01% Tween 20 in a final volume of 50 ul using 384-wellplates. After 60 min of pre-incubation of compound with ALDH2 andformaldehyde, the reaction was started by adding NAD+ and the reactionmixture was allowed to proceed for 90 minutes. Activity of the enzymewas determined by monitoring NADH formation using Perkin-Elmer EnvisionReader with excitation and emission wavelengths set at 340 and 460 nm,respectively.

MAO-A and MAO-B Assays

MAO assays included luminogenic MAO substrate, reaction buffers,Luciferin Detection and the reconstitution buffer with esterase.Standard MAO reaction mixtures included microsome contained MAO-A (2 ug)or MAO-B (10 ug), 160 uM substrate for MAO-A or 16 uM substrate forMAO-B, MAO-A buffer (100 mM Hepes buffer, pH 7.5, 5% glycerol) or MAO-Bbuffer (100 mM Hepes, pH 7.5, 5% glycerol, 10% dimethyl sulfoxide) in afinal volume of 30 ul. After 20 minutes of pre-incubation of the enzymewith compounds, the reaction was initiated by adding enzyme substrateand the reaction was allowed to proceed for 60 minutes. ReconstitutedLuciferin Detection Reagent (30 ul) was then added is added tosimultaneously stop the MAO reaction and convert the methyl esterderivative to luciferin and produce light. The amount of light producedis directly proportional to the activity of MAO. The mixtures werefurther incubated for 20 minutes and activity of the enzyme wasdetermined using Perkin-Elmer Envision Reader.

Note: IC50 refers to the concentration of a compound that inhibits areaction by 50%. In the case of competitive inhibition, IC50=2Ki whenthe substrate is present at the Km concentration, as per therelationship:Ki=IC50/[1+(substrate concentration/Km)].

Representative data for several compounds are presented in Table 1below.

TABLE 1 ALDH-2 AND MAO INHIBITION IC₅₀ IC₅₀ IC₅₀ HALDH2 HMAO-A HMAO-BNUMBER COMPOUND nM μM μM 1 2,6-dichloro-4-(2-methoxyethoxy)-N-(4-(2-oxo-63 >130 >130 1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide 22,6-dichloro-N-[4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-pyridin- 102 >130 >1304-yl)-benzyl]-benzamide 3 2-chloro-3-fluoro-N-(4-(2-oxo-1,2-di-215 >130 >130 hydropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide 42-chloro-6-methyl-N-(4-(2-oxo-1,2-di- 23 >130 >130hydropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide 52,6-dimethyl-N-(4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4- 166 >130 >130yl)benzyl)benzamide 6 2,6-dichloro-N-[4-(6-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-1113 >130 >130 pyridin-4-yl)-benzyl]-benzamide 72-chloro-3,6-difluoro-N-(4-(2-oxo-1,2-di- 464 >130 >130hydropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide 82,6-dichloro-N-(3-methyl-4-(2-oxo-1,2-di- 480 >130 >130hydropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide 92,6-dichloro-N-(4-(1-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-di- 2093 >130 >130hydropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide 102,6-difluoro-N-(4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4- 890 >130 >130yl)benzyl)benzamide 11 2-chloro-6-fluoro-N-(4-(2-oxo-1,2-di-379 >130 >130 hydropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide 122,6-dichloro-N-(2-fluoro-4-(2-oxo-1,2-di- 304 >130 >130hydropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide 132,6-dichloro-N-(4-(5-fluoro-2-oxo-1,2-di- 25 >130 >130hydropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide 14 phosphoric acidmono-(4-{4-[(2,6- >10000.00 >129.51 >130dichloro-benzoylamino)-methyl]-phenyl}-2- oxo-2H-pyridin-1-ylmethyl)esterThe above data suggests that compounds of the invention generallyinhibit the ALDH2 enzyme with an IC₅₀ of less than 1 μM.

Example 18

Reduction of Alcohol Dependency

Animals: The strains of alcohol-preferring rats are housed individuallyin stainless-steel wire mesh cages (26′34′20 cm) under constanttemperature of 21±1° C. and reversed 12 hour light-12 hour dark cycle(10:00-22:00 dark). These rats consume significantly more alcohol thantheir respective control strains: the selectively-bred alcoholnon-preferring (NP), the low alcohol-drinking (LAD) rat, and the Wistarrat. The FH and P rats are derived from the Wistar rat. Water and food(Agway Prolab Rat/Mouse/Hamster 3000 formula, Agway, Syracuse, USA) areprovided ad lib.

Establishment of Baseline: Following the standard method (Murphy et al.,1988; Rezvani and Grady, 1994; Rezvani et al., 1995), alcohol-preferringrats are given 1 day access to water in a Richter tube followed by 3days of free access to a solution of 10% (v/v) ethanol given as the onlysource of fluid. Thereafter, the rats are given a choice between alcoholand water for the remainder of the study. All experiments involve 24hour free access to food, water, and alcohol in a two-bottle choiceparadigm.

Experimental Protocol: After establishment of a stable baseline foralcohol and water intakes, animals are maintained on a continuous accessto alcohol and water via a two-bottle choice paradigm for about 2months. Then, rats receive a single i.p. injection of the salinevehicle, or a test compound at 09:30 am. Alcohol and water intakes aremeasured at 6 and 24 hours after the injection. Food intake is measured24 hours after the injection.

Chronic Systemic Administration: A chronic experiment is conducted withadult male P rats. After establishment of stable baselines for alcoholand water intakes, and following a cross-over design, the test drug orvehicle is given i.p. once a day for 10 consecutive days. Alcohol andwater intakes are measured at 6 and 24 hours after the treatment,whereas food intake is measured 24 hours after the treatment. Each ratreceives both treatments, and a washout period of 3 days is imposedbetween treatments.

Statistical Analysis: The results are expressed as means±standard errorof means (SEM). Alcohol intake (g/kg) is calculated by multiplying thevolume of alcohol consumed by 10% and 0.7893 (ethanol density)/animalbody weight in kg. Alcohol preference, expressed as a percentage, iscalculated as follows: (volume of alcohol consumed in mL/total fluidintake in mL)×100 (Rezvani et al., 1990; Rezvani and Grady, 1994).Statistical differences between different groups are determined usinganalysis of variance followed by Newman-Keuls protected t-test.

Rat Alcohol Self Administration

Alcohol-preferring (iP) male rats were trained to daily (Monday toFriday) self-administer alcohol (10% v/v) under operant conditions. Afixed-ratio of 3 (FR3), where rats had to press a lever 3 times to getone drop of alcohol during 20-min sessions was used (Cowen et al, 2005a;Cowen et al., 2005b; Lawrence et al., 2006). Availability of alcohol wasconditioned by the presence of an olfactory cue (2 drops of vanillaessence, placed on the bedding of the operant chamber directly under theactive lever), plus a 1-sec light stimulus when FR3 was obtained. Foreach session, total alcohol and water responses were recorded. Followingacquisition of lever pressing behavior and stable alcoholself-administration, rats were administered oral vehicle or compound ofExample 5 (5, 10 and 30 mg-eq/kg) 1 hr before each session in acounterbalanced order. Every rat received all drug doses and vehicleonce per week in a randomly assigned order. Compound of Example 5 at 10and 30 mg-eq/kg significantly decreased the number of lever presses foralcohol (FIG. 1).

Example 19

Reduction of Cocaine Dependency and Relapse

Intravenous cocaine (0.35 mg/kg/inj) is used in an operant selfadministration and reinstatement model in rats. In this model, ratsaddicted to cocaine repeatedly press a lever to obtain an intravenousdose (iv) of cocaine. When cocaine is removed, rats stop pressing thelever. However, rats resume lever pressing for cocaine (reinstatement)if subjected to a small intraperitoneal (ip) dose (10 mg/kg) of cocainethat normally has no effect in naïve animals. This is a valid animalmodel of relapse in cocaine addicted humans, and tests the ability ofthe compounds of Formula (I) to block cocaine craving and relapse.

Male Sprague-Dawley rats with jugular vein catheterization are used.Rats are presented with a choice of two levers in the test/trainingchamber. Depression of the active lever results in delivery of a cocainereinforcer, while depression of the inactive lever does not result inreinforcement. During the initial 15 hour fixed ratio (FR) 1 trainingsession (FR1 stands for one lever press equals one reinforcementdelivery), a food pellet is taped to the active lever to facilitatelever pressing, and each active lever press results in the delivery of asingle 45 mg food pellet (Noyes, Lancaster, N.H.). The following day thereinforcer is switched to FR1 lever pressing for cocaine (0.35mg/kg/inj, delivered in 0.27 sec). Cocaine reinforcement is delivered ona modified FR1 schedule such that each drug infusion is accompanied byillumination of a stimulus over the active lever and a 20 second timeoutduring which active lever presses are counted but do not result inreinforcer delivery. After 20 seconds the stimulus light is turned offand the first lever press again results in drug delivery. Depression ofthe inactive lever does not have any consequence. Daily trainingsessions for each group lasts 2 hours, or until a subject earns 200 druginfusions, whichever comes first. The subjects remain in drugself-administration training mode until acquisition criterion is met(average presses on the active lever varied by <10% over 3 consecutivetraining days). This typically takes 10-14 days.

Extinction and Reinstatement

For extinction and reinstatement experiments, rats are required todisplay stable responding (variability not higher than 15% in 2consecutive sessions) on the FR1 schedule of reinforcement. Afterachieving these criteria, extinction procedures begin such that leverpresses no longer result in delivery of the reinforcer. When averageresponding across three consecutive extinction sessions falls to 15% ofresponding during maintenance, subjects are tested for reinstatement. Incocaine-experienced animals, reinstatement is primed with anon-contingent injection of cocaine (10 mg/kg ip) immediately before thereinstatement session. In order to increase statistical power andtherefore decrease animal usage, a second extinction period is initiated3-4 days after the first, which allows for additional within-subjectscomparisons. Experiments use a between-session-training and testingmethod in which animals are trained to self administer drug. Theirbehavior is then extinguished and then reinstatement is primed ondifferent days.

Results: Effect of Compounds of Formula (I) on Cocaine Induced Relapse

Ip injections of the compounds of Formula (I) dose dependently blockrelapse for cocaine. Animals are trained to self administer cocaine(0.35 mg/kg/inj) until they reach stable responding. They are thentrained in the same chambers but cocaine is no longer available. Oncethey drop their lever presses responding to a minimal level(extinction), they are then given a priming dose of cocaine (10 mg/kg)and consequently their responding lever presses significantly increase(relapse). Those same animals receiving effective compounds of Formula(I) prior to the priming injection of cocaine do not show an increase intheir lever presses responding (did not relapse).

Rat Cocaine Cue Reinstatement

Training of male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats had 3 separate stages. First,during self administration, animals were trained to lever press forcocaine with presentation of concomitant cues associated with drugdelivery. Rats that reached criteria for addiction were included in thestudy. Afterward, during cue extinction, cocaine-cue dependent behaviorwas extinguished. Lastly, during cocaine cue reinstatement, the effectof compounds was tested on lever presses upon cue presentation (FIG. 2).Cocaine Self AdministrationRats were trained to self administer i.v. cocaine (0.35 mg/kg/injection)daily (Monday to Friday) in standard operant chambers with retractablelevers (Coulbourn Instruments, Pa.). During the daily 2 hr session, ratsreceived a 0.05 ml infusion of 0.35 mg/kg cocaine every time the activelever was pressed. A cue light and tone turned on for 2 sec togetherwith activation of a pump that delivered the cocaine solution. Rats wererequired to maintain an infusion rate of ≥20+ per day for at least 10days before being moved to extinction training. Rats that did not reachthis criterion were excluded from the study.Cue ExtinctionDuring extinction sessions lever presses no longer produced cocaineinfusion and cue light/tone presentation was absent. Rats received amaximum of 15 extinction sessions. Rats were considered to haveextinguished behavior when during 2 consecutive sessions they exhibitedan average of <15 active lever presses or 30% of the number of responsesper session that occurred during the last 2 sessions of cocaineself-administration, whichever came first.Cocaine Cue ReinstatementOn the next day after reaching extinction criteria, rats were treatedorally with vehicle (Formulation 2B: 25% PEG400/5% Vit E TPGS/1% SLS/69%water with 0.5% Methocel) or drug (compound of Example 2 or compound ofExample 5) before the cue reinstatement session. Cue reinstatement beganwith a tone and cue light. This 2 hr session was identical to theself-administration session (cue light and tone present upon activelever press) except that no cocaine was delivered. The number of activelever presses was compared to extinction lever responding. This isconsidered a measure of reinstatement. The next day, rats were returnedto extinction sessions for at least 2 or 3 more sessions. Rats thenreceived a second and last reinstatement session with an oppositetreatment to the one received on the first reinstatement session(vehicle or drug treatment). When rats pretreated with vehicle arepresented with cues associated with cocaine availability, theysignificantly increase their number of lever presses. The light/tonepresentation triggers this response and it is interpreted as a measureof reinstatement even though cocaine is not available.Compound of Example 2 significantly reduced cocaine cue-inducedreinstatement in SD rats by 69%, 72% and 86% at 5, 10 and 30 mg/kg,respectively, when compared to vehicle (FIG. 3). An ANOVA revealed asignificant effect of treatment on number of lever presses. Asignificant effect of treatment was observed for all doses tested(p<0.001). Fisher post-hoc comparisons showed that rats treated withvehicle prior to cue reinstatement session had a significant increase innumber of lever presses when compared with extinction session (p<0.05).After treatment with compound of Example 2 (5, 10 or 30 mg/kg) prior tocue reinstatement session, rats significantly decreased lever pressesresponding compared with vehicle treatment (69% inhibition: p<0.05, 72%inhibition: p<0.05 and 86% inhibition: p<0.01, respectively). # p<0.01compared with extinction; * p<0.05 and ** p<0.01 compared with vehicle.The prodrug compound of Example 5 was efficacious at 5, 10 and 30mg-eq/kg in cocaine cue reinstatement with 59%, 55% and 50% inhibition,respectively (FIG. 4). At the lowest dose tested, 2.5 mg-eq/kg, theeffect was not significantly different from vehicle.Compound of Example 5 reduced cocaine cue-induced reinstatement in SDrats. The number of lever presses was recorded during the 2 hrcue-induced reinstatement session. An ANOVA revealed a significanteffect of treatment on number of lever presses. Rats that hadextinguished lever press responding were treated with oral vehicle andcompound of Example 5 (2.5, 5, 10 or 30 mg-eq/kg) 1 hr before thecue-induced reinstatement session. A significant effect of treatment wasobserved for 2.5, 5, 10 and 30 mg-eq/kg doses tested (2.5 mg/kg eq:F(2,28)=9.39, p<0.01, n=15; 5 mg/kg eq: F(2,14)=11,47, p<0.01, n=8; 10mg/kg eq: F(2, 18)=13,901, p<0.001, n=10; 30 mg/kg eq: F(2, 22)=18.221,p<0.001, n=12). Fisher post-hoc comparisons revealed that rats treatedwith vehicle prior to cue reinstatement session showed a significantincrease in number of lever presses when compared with extinctionsession (p<0.01). After treatment with compound of Example 5 (5, 10 or30 mg/kg) prior to cue reinstatement session, rats significantlydecreased lever presses responding compared with vehicle treatment (59%inhibition: p<0.05, 55% inhibition: p<0.01 and 50% inhibition: p<0.01,respectively). Fisher post-hoc comparisons revealed that 2.5 mg/kg eqdose was not significantly different from vehicle (30% inhibition,p>0.05, N.S.). #p<0.01 compared with extinction; * p<0.05 and ** p<0.01compared with vehicle).

Example 20

Reduction of Nicotine Dependency

Biological Material: Wistar-derived male rats (250-300 g) are housed ingroups of two and maintained in a temperature-controlled environment ona 12 hour: 12 hour light cycle (0600 h on-1800 h off), upon arrival inthe laboratory. Animals are given free access to food and water during aone-week habituation period to the laboratory. Animals used in theresearch studies are handled, housed, and sacrificed in accord with thecurrent NIH guidelines regarding the use and care of laboratory animals,and all applicable local, state, and federal regulations and guidelines.Animals are handled daily for several days to desensitize them tohandling stress before experimental testing. Sample sizes (e.g., n=8)are sufficient to provide reliable estimates of drug effects.

Drug Treatments: The Wistar-derived rats receive several doses of thecompounds of Formula (I) administered intraperitonealy (i.p.), and apositive control compound, mecamylamine (1.5 mg/kg, subcutaneously(s.c.). The compounds are administered 30 minutes prior to SA sessions.The compounds of Formula (I) are administered at 2 mL/kg for the 7.5mg/kg (3.75 mg/mL) and 10 mg/kg (5 mg/mL), doses, and at 3 mL/kg for the15 mg/kg dose (5 mg/mL). The compound is dissolved in corn oil (VEH),and sonicated for at least 30-minutes, up to 2 hours prior toadministration. Mecamylamine is dissolved in 0.09% isotonic saline andadministered at a volume of 1 mL/kg.

Apparatus: Food training and nicotine self-administration takes place in8 standard Coulbourn operant chambers. Each chamber is housed in asound-attenuated box. Operant chambers are equipped with two levers;mounted 2 cm above the floor, and a cue light mounted 2 cm above theright lever on the back wall of the chamber. For food training, a foodhopper is located 2-cm to the left/right of either lever, in the middleof the back wall. Intravenous infusions are delivered in a volume of 0.1mL over a 1 second interval via an infusion pump (Razel, Conn.) housedoutside of the sound attenuated chamber.

Food Training: Lever pressing is established as demonstrated by themethod of Hyytia et al., (1996). Initially, rats are restricted to 15grams of food daily (approximately 85% of their free-feeding bodyweight). After the second day of food restriction, rats are trained torespond for food under a fixed-ratio 1 (FR1) schedule of reinforcement(1 food pellet for each lever press) with a 1 second time-out (TO-1s)after each reinforcement. Training sessions are given twice per day, andTO periods are gradually increased to 20 seconds. Once rats obtain asteady baseline responding at a FR1-TO20s schedule of reinforcement,they are returned to ad libitum food prior to preparation forintravenous jugular catheter implant surgery.

Surgery: Rats are anesthetized with a ketamine/xylazine mixture andchronic silastic jugular catheters are inserted into the externaljugular vein and passed subcutaneously to a polyethylene assemblymounted on the animal's back. The catheter assembly consists of a 13-cmlength of silasitic tubing (inside diameter 0.31 mm; outside diameter0.64 mm), attached to a guide cannula that is bent at a right angle. Thecannula is embedded into a dental cement base and anchored with a 2×2 cmsquare of durable mesh. The catheter is passed subcutaneously from therats back to the jugular vein where it is inserted and secured with anon-absorbable silk suture. Upon successful completion of surgery, ratsare given 3-5 days to recover before self-administration sessions arestarted. During the recovery period, rats remain ad libitum food access,and have catheter lines flushed daily with 30 units/mL of heparinizedsaline containing 66 mg/mL of Timentin to prevent blood coagulation andinfection in the catheters.

Nicotine Self-Administration: Following successful recovery fromcatheter implant surgery, rats are again food deprived to 85% of theirfree-feeding body weight. Once self-administration sessions begin,subjects are trained to IV self-administer nicotine in 1-hour baselinesessions, 5 days per week, under a FR1-TO-20 schedule of reinforcementuntil stable responding is achieved. Stable responding is defined asless than 20% variability across 3 consecutive sessions. Afteracquisition of stable responding for nicotine, various doses of thecompounds of Formula (I) are tested using a within-subjects Latin squaredesign. Rats are allowed to self-administer nicotine after treatmentwith each dose of the compounds of Formula (I) for 1 test session, andsubsequently “rebaselined” for 1-3 days before the next dose probeduring one test self-administrations sessions. Following the testing ofthe first compound, rats receive the positive control compound,mecamylamine (1.5 mg/kg), administered according to a crossover design.

During SA sessions, rats are flushed with saline before test session toensure catheter patency, and again flushed after test sessions with 30units/mL of heparinized saline containing 66 mg/mL of Timentin, toprevent blood coagulation and infection in the catheters. If catheterpatency is in question, as demonstrated by an unexpected shift inresponse rates, or inability to draw blood from the catheter, 0.1 mL ofa short-acting anesthetic (Brevital) is infused. Animals with patentcatheters exhibit rapid loss of muscle tone within 3-seconds. Rats withcatheters no longer patent according to the Brevital test are removedfrom the experiment.

Data Analysis: Data is collected on-line from multiple operant chambers,and reported as mean cumulative number of bar presses for nicotine. Thedata is analyzed using the StatView statistical package on aPC-compatible computer.

Results: The Effect of Compounds on Nicotine Self Administration:

Increasing doses of the compounds of Formula (I) administered asdescribed in the above protocol reduce the number of bar presses(plotted as the number of infusions) for nicotine administration.

Rat Nicotine Self Administration

Acute Treatment

Male SD rats were trained to self administer i.v. nicotine (0.03mg/kg/inj) daily (Monday to Friday) in standard operant chambers withretractable levers (MED Associates, Inc) as previously published (Levinet al., 2003; Levin et al., 2007). During the daily 45 min session, ratsreceived 0.05 ml infusion of 0.03 mg/kg/infusion of nicotine every timethe active lever was pressed. A cue light and tone turned on for 0.5 sectogether with the activation of a pump that delivered the nicotinesolution. Daily sessions were run for at least 10 days before theinitiation of drug testing. Solutions of compounds of Example 2 andExample 5 were prepared fresh daily in Formulation 2B: 25% PEG400/5% VitE TPGS/1% SLS/69% water with 0.5% Methocel) for oral dosing. Compound ofExample 2 doses were administered in a counterbalanced design fortesting 1 hr before each nicotine session. Every rat received all drugdoses and vehicle in a randomly assigned order. The oral drugadministrations were made twice per week. Compound of Example 2 at 10,30 and 60 mg/kg significantly reduced the number of nicotine infusionswhen compared to vehicle treatment (26%, 28% and 31% inhibition,respectively). Doses of 1 and 5 mg/kg were without effect (FIG. 5).Compound of Example 5 was tested in a study using 4 independent groups.Each group received either oral vehicle or 1 of the 3 doses of compoundof Example 5 (5, 10 or 30 mg-eq/kg). The 2 higher doses of compound ofExample 5 (10 and 30 mg-eq/kg) significantly reduced the number ofnicotine infusions when compared to vehicle treatment (51% and 68%inhibition, respectively). The 5 mg/kg dose was ineffective.Chronic TreatmentUpon completion of the acute compound of Example 5 treatment study, thesame animals were used to test the effect of 7-day chronic oraladministration of compound of Example 5 in the nicotine selfadministration model. Rats were treated orally with compound of Example5 (5, 10 or 30 mg-eq/kg) or vehicle 1 hr before nicotine selfadministration session for 7 consecutive days. Compound of Example 5 at10 and 30 mg-eq/kg significantly reduced the number of nicotineinfusions when compared to vehicle treatment during the 7 days ofchronic oral administration (48% and 62% inhibition, respectively).Similar to the acute treatment, the 5 mg-eq/kg dose was ineffective(FIG. 7). There was no development of tolerance to the therapeuticeffect during the course of the study (data not shown). Animals innicotine self administration studies had to reach pre defined criteria(e.g. rat strain, minimum number of nicotine infusions, consistentbaseline nicotine self administration throughout the study, patent ivcatheters, etc.) to be included in analysis.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of treating anxiety comprisingadministering to a human patient in need thereof a compound of Formula(I):

wherein: R¹ is hydrogen, optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, —CH₂OH,—CH₂OP(O)(OR²⁰)(OR²¹); R² is hydrogen, optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, cycloalkyl, or halo; each of R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹²and R¹³ is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, —OP(O)(OR²⁰)(OR²¹), —CH₂OH,—CH₂OP(O)(OR²⁰)(OR²¹), optionally substituted alkyl, optionallysubstituted alkylene, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionallysubstituted alkoxy, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionallysubstituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substitutedheteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, optionally substitutedheterocyclyl, aminocarbonyl, acyl, acylamino, —O—(C₁ to C₆-alkyl)-O—(C₁to C₆-alkyl), cyano, halo, —SO₂NR²⁴R²⁵; or —NR²⁴R²⁵; R⁷ is hydrogen oroptionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl; each of R²⁰ and R²¹ is independentlyNa⁺, Li⁺, K⁺, hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl; or R²⁰ and R²¹ can be combined torepresent a single divalent cation Zn²⁺, Ca²⁺, or Mg²⁺; and each of R²⁴and R²⁵ is independently chosen from hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl or whencombined together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form aheterocycle; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, singlestereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, tautomer, or prodrug thereof. 2.The method of claim 1, wherein R¹ is hydrogen.
 3. The method of claim 1,wherein R¹ is —CH₂OP(O)(OR²⁰)(OR²¹); and each of R²⁰ and R²¹ isindependently Na⁺, Li⁺, K⁺, or hydrogen.
 4. The method of claim 1,wherein at least one of R⁹ and R¹³ is not hydrogen.
 5. The method ofclaim 1, wherein at least one of R⁹ and R¹³ is halo or C₁₋₆ alkyl. 6.The method of claim 1, wherein each of R⁹ and R¹³ is independentlychloro or methyl.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the structure of thecompound of Formula (I) is:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or tautomer thereof.
 8. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the structure of the compound of Formula (I)is:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, or tautomer thereof. 9.The method of claim 1, wherein the compound of Formula (I) is selectedfrom the group consisting of:2,6-dichloro-4-(2-methoxyethoxy)-N-(4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide;2,6-dichloro-N-[4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-pyridin-4-yl)-benzyl]-benzamide;2-chloro-3-fluoro-N-(4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide;2-chloro-6-methyl-N-(4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide;2,6-dimethyl-N-(4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide;2,6-dichloro-N-[4-(6-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-pyridin-4-yl)-benzyl]-benzamide;2-chloro-3,6-difluoro-N-(4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide;2,6-dichloro-N-(3-methyl-4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide);2,6-dichloro-N-(4-(1-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide;2,6-difluoro-N-(4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide;2-chloro-6-fluoro-N-(4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide;2,6-dichloro-N-(2-fluoro-4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide;2,6-dichloro-N-(4-(5-fluoro-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide;and phosphoric acidmono-(4-{4-[(2,6-dichloro-benzoylamino)-methyl]-phenyl}-2-oxo-2H-pyridin-1-ylmethyl)ester; 2,6-dimethyl-N-(4-(2-oxopiperidin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide; or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, single stereoisomer, mixture ofstereoisomers, or tautomer thereof.
 10. A method of treating acompulsive eating disorder comprising administering to a human patientin need thereof a compound of Formula (I):

wherein: R¹ is hydrogen, optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, —CH₂OH,—CH₂OP(O)(OR²⁰)(OR²¹); R² is hydrogen, optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, cycloalkyl, or halo; each of R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹²and R¹³ is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, —OP(O)(OR²⁰)(OR²¹), —CH₂OH,—CH₂OP(O)(OR²⁰)(OR²¹), optionally substituted alkyl, optionallysubstituted alkylene, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionallysubstituted alkoxy, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionallysubstituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substitutedheteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, optionally substitutedheterocyclyl, aminocarbonyl, acyl, acylamino, —O—(C₁ to C₆-alkyl)-O—(C₁to C₆-alkyl), cyano, halo, —SO₂NR²⁴R²⁵; or —NR²⁴R²⁵; R⁷ is hydrogen oroptionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl; each of R²⁰ and R²¹ is independentlyNa⁺, Li⁺, K⁺, hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl; or R²⁰ and R²¹ can be combined torepresent a single divalent cation Zn²⁺, Ca²⁺, or Mg²⁺; and each of R²⁴and R²⁵ is independently chosen from hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl or whencombined together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form aheterocycle; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, singlestereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, tautomer, or prodrug thereof.11. The method of claim 10, wherein R¹ is hydrogen.
 12. The method ofclaim 10, wherein R¹ is —CH₂OP(O)(OR²⁰)(OR²¹); and each of R²⁰ and R²¹is independently Na⁺, Li⁺, K⁺, or hydrogen.
 13. The method of claim 10,wherein at least one of R⁹ and R¹³ is not hydrogen.
 14. The method ofclaim 10, wherein at least one of R⁹ and R¹³ is halo or C₁₋₆ alkyl. 15.The method of claim 10, wherein each of R⁹ and R¹³ is independentlychloro or methyl.
 16. The method of claim 10, wherein the structure ofthe compound of Formula (I) is:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or tautomer thereof.
 17. Themethod of claim 10, wherein the structure of the compound of Formula (I)is:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, or tautomer thereof. 18.The method of claim 10, wherein the compound of Formula (I) is selectedfrom the group consisting of:2,6-dichloro-4-(2-methoxyethoxy)-N-(4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide;2,6-dichloro-N-[4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-pyridin-4-yl)-benzyl]-benzamide;2-chloro-3-fluoro-N-(4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide;2-chloro-6-methyl-N-(4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide;2,6-dimethyl-N-(4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide;2,6-dichloro-N-[4-(6-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-pyridin-4-yl)-benzyl]-benzamide;2-chloro-3,6-difluoro-N-(4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide;2,6-dichloro-N-(3-methyl-4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide);2,6-dichloro-N-(4-(1-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide;2,6-difluoro-N-(4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide;2-chloro-6-fluoro-N-(4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide;2,6-dichloro-N-(2-fluoro-4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide;2,6-dichloro-N-(4-(5-fluoro-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide;and phosphoric acidmono-(4-{4-[(2,6-dichloro-benzoylamino)-methyl]-phenyl}-2-oxo-2H-pyridin-1-ylmethyl)ester; 2,6-dimethyl-N-(4-(2-oxopiperidin-4-yl)benzyl)benzamide; or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, single stereoisomer, mixture ofstereoisomers, or tautomer thereof.